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编写大学英语教学大纲的思考

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语文学刊・外话毂育毅学 2009年第1期 [Abstract】 By brielfy exploring the diferences between curirculum and syllabus and introducing six types of hte most inlluentil svlalabuses in the past few decades,this article gives¥ome reflections on the design and implementation of Coilege English Syllabus for Liaocheng University.Initiatives of hte new syllbusa and periodical achievements of CoUege En异bsh teaching reform are also introduced.It is concluded that College English syllabus should be revised and perfected tinder College English teaching practice. [Key words】 College English;College Enghsh teaching;syllabus;syllbusa design 【中图分类号]H319.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号】 1672—8610(2009)01-0131-05 I.Introduction the requirements and in the lihtg of their speciifc cir- cumstance。a scientiic,systemic and individualized f1.College English teaching and College English syllabus College English syllbusa to guide their own College English teaching”.This time.the term“College Eng— More than two decades ago,College English teaching and College English syllabus were called, respectively,Public English teaching and Public Eng— lish syllabus.In the March of 1985,College English lish curriculum”is used in stead of College English syllabus.The following will give some brief reflec- tions on the design,and implementation of our syll abus. Syllbus(On tahe Teaching of Non—English Major Science Students)was issued ofifcially,and it was in hits syllabus that the term一一College English teach— II.Literature Review:EFL Syllabus Design Thi s part will investigate syllabus design from the perspective of identifying an appropriate vehicle for language learning in a student-centred,self—di— rected,holistic,cooperative learning situation. 1.“Curriculum’’and“syllabus” Before reviewing language-syllabus design,how— ever,it is necessary to address a confusion in the lit— ing,as an important discipline,was first introduced. Ever since then,College English teaching began to enjoy boom in China. In the development of the College English syl—。 labus in China.the following three syllabi-College English Syllbusa fOn the Teaching of Non—English ature between the terms “curriculum’’and“syl— Maior Science Students)1985。College English Syl— erlbusa fOn the Teaching of Non—English Major Sci— ence and Non—Science Students)1 986,and College English Syllabus fOn the Teaching of Non—English labus”,since these can at times be very close in meaning,depending on the context in which they are used(Nunan 1988:3). The concept of“curriculum”has been important in second--language programmes throughout the histo ・ ry of EFL/ESL,and“curriculum theory”as a field Major Students)1999,play key roles.They have language teaching and greatly affected the English learning in China. 2.College English Curriculum Requirements According to the College English Curriculum Re—- of educational studies is fairly new(Stem 1983:434). According to Stem,the field of curriculum studies is quirements(for Trila Implementation)2004,“colleges and universities should formulate,in accordance with part of the discipline of educational studies.In its broadest sense,it refers to the study of goals,content, [基金项目]“教育部大学英语教学改革示范点项目”(教高司i ̄[2006178号)。 【作者简介]辛春雷,男,聊城大学大学外语教育学院教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:应用语言学、英语语言教学 陈其功,男,聊城大学大学外语教育学院教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:语体学、英语语言教学。 TEACHING RESEARCH Xin Chunlei,Chen Qigong/Reflections on the Design of CoUege English Syllabus implementation and evaluation of an educational sys—. tem.In its restricted sense.curriculum refers to a course of study or the content of a particular course or programme.It is in this narrower sense of curricu- rammar constructgions that may be necessary to fulfill those functions.It places emphasis on“the meanings expressed or the functions performed through lan— guage”(Wilkins et a1.1981:83).Syllabus content is a collection of the functions that are performed when language is used,or of the notions that language is 1um that the term”syllabus”is employed.So“syl— labus design”is just one phase in a system of inter- related curriculum development activities. “Curriculum”as deftned bv Allen is a very gen- eral concept.It involves consideration of philosophi— cal,social and administrative factors which contribute to the planning of an educational programme.In his words。the syllabus is “that subpart of curriculum which is concerned with a specification of what units will be taught”(Allen,1984:61).A syllabus can also be seen as a ‘‘summary of the content to which learners will be exposed”(Yalden.1987:87). A universal definiti0n for“syllabus”seems im— practical,since different educational theories and ap- proaches differ on syllabus goals and functions.What can be said is that any syllabus.which is part of an overall language anrriculum,identifies what will be worked upon by the teacher and students in terms of content selected to be appropriate to overall aims fBreen,2001:15l1. From the above,we can come to the conclusion that“curriculum”is a global plan for teaching a language while a syllabus is the content components of the“curriculum”. 2.Types oI syllabuses Nunan(1 988)divides syllabuses into two cate— gories:“product—oriented’’syllabuses and“process- oriented”syllabuses.The former stresses what a learner will have accomplished on completion of the program while the latter emphasizes the specification of learning tasks and activities that a learner will un—— dertake during the course.Six types of syllabuses will be introduced in the following section. (1)Product—oriented Syllabuses Structural(also formal or rgammatica1)Syllabus This is known as the traditional syllabus which is organized along grammatical lines giving primacy to language form.It is the most robust and well—tired type of syllabus in language teaching,growing from hte description and analysis of the classical lan—— guages,and is still by far the most widely used,espe— cially in foreign language settings.The content of lan— ugage teaching is a collection of the forms and stnrc—— tures,usually grammatical,of the language being taught.Examples include nouns,verbs,adjectives, questions,subordinate clauses,and so on. Functional(also notional or functional/notiona1) Syllabus This type of syllabus a ̄anges the learning mate—。 rial according to selected functions regardless of the l32 used to express.Examples of functions include: rgeeting,agreeing,apologizing;examples of notions include size,age,color,time,and so on. Situational Syllabus The content of language teaching is a collection of real or imaginary situations in which language oc—— curs or is used.A situation usually involves several participants engaged in some activity in a specific setting.The language occurring in the situation in- volves a number of functions.The primary purpose of a situational language teaching syllabus is to teach the language that OCCUrs in the situations.Examples of situations include:seeing the dentist in a clinic, posting a letter in a post office,meeting a new stu— dent on the campus,and so on. (2)Process—oriented Syllabuses Content-—based Syllabus The content of language learning might be se— lected in terms of the 1eamers’other academic or school subject.The students are simultaneously lan— guage students and students of whatever content is being taught.The subject matter is primary,and lan— ngage learning occurs incidentally to the content learning.Content-based language teaching is con—— cerned with information. example of content—— based language teaching is a science class taught in the language the students need or want to learn,pos— sibly with linguistic adjustment to make the science more comprehensible. Task-based Syllabus The task-based syllabus reflects an emphasis on “mcans”rather than“product”.and the concept of “language task”has become an important building block within the curriculum fNunan 1993:66).The content of the teaching is a list of tasks and activities that a student will undertake in class.Tasks must be relevant to the real world Ianguage needs of the stu— dent and integrate language(and other)skills in spe— ciifc settings of language use.Examples include:ap— plying for a job,talking with a policeman,getting housing information over the telephone.and so on. Process Syllabus The process syllabus is defined broadly by Breen as“a context within which any syllabus of subject— matter is made workable”fBreen 1 987).This syllabus t、rpe provides a framework for decisions and alterna— rive procedures,activities and tasks for the classroom rgoup.It openly addresses teaching and learning and 语文学刊・外话采1r教学 particularly the possible interrelationships between contribu- subject matter,learning and the potential designed tions of a classroom.The actual syllabus is as the teaching and learning proceed. 2009年第1期 by the fact that Liaocheng University is not a presti—- gious university,nor even a major—city university.It was changed into a comprehensive university from a normal coHege only severla years ago(in 2002).Col— lege English is a required,compulsory basic course f0r all undergraduate students.Actually students typi— m.Designing Syllabus 1.Criteria for syllbusa design cally show a deep sincerity of spiirt,a wish to do well by working hard and responsiveness to innova— tion. According to Webb(1976),syllbus desian igs understood as the organization of the selected con—— tents into an ordered and practical sequence for teaching purposes.His criteria for syllabus design are as follows: ◇progress from known to unknown matter ◇appropriate size of teaching units ◇a proper variety of activity ◇teachability ◇creating a sense of purpose for the student Breen points out that any syllbaus ideally should provide: ◇a clear framework of knowledge and capabili— ties selected to be appropriate to overall aims; ◇continuity and sense of direction in clsasrom work for teacher nad students; ◇a record for other teachers of what has been covered in the course; ◇a basis for evaluating students’progress; ◇a basis for evaluating the appropriateness of hte course in relation to overall aims and students identiifed both before and during the course; ◇content appropriate to the broader language curriculum,the particular class of learners,and the educational situation and wider society in which the COUrse iS located.(Adopted from Breen.20o1:151) 2.English teaching context in Liaocheng Uni— versity New students of Liaocheng University are mostly aged 18—20.and the majority of them come from the countryside of Shandong Province.They usually have a learning history of intensive knowledge-based study in unior middle school (3 years)and senior middle school(3 years),in preparation ofr the National En- trance Examination.The learning situation in middle schools is namely teacher-controlled and exam-oriented. In this forma1.product—oriented environment.stu— dents Iearn that memorisation is the most effective learning strategy. rhen attending the university lis- tening and speaking English class,most of the stu- dents have low motivation.and lack ability or experi— ence in the use of alternative learning strategies.re— alistic goal—setting,or in organising their study time. In China,Chinese is the dominate language and English can only be regarded as a foreing language So there is lack of exposure to the traget language outside the classroom.The situation is compounded 3.Choosing and integrating syllbauses Although t}le above six types of syllabuses are defined in isolated contexts.it is clear that no single type is appropriate for all teaching settings,and it is rrae for one type of syllbaus t0 be used exclusively in actual teaching settings.Syllabus types are usually combined in more or less integrated ways.with one type as the organizing basis around which the others rae arranged and related.Eclecticism is a common feature of syllabus desing nowadays:A complete syl—— labus speciifcation will include al1 five aspects:stI ̄c— ture,function,situation,topic,skills.The difference between syllbauses will lie in the priority given to each of these aspects fWhite,1988:92). In terms of the context described above and ac- cording to College English Curriculum Requirements, introduction of an interactive student-centred aD— proach and a focus on language abilities and skills will be welcomed.A task—based strategy with a blend of approaches and emphasis on communicative learn—— ing may well be one of the most suitbale types of syllbaus design for Liaocheng University. hTe syllbaus should encourage the positive and trusting relationships in the classroom.which are in— dispensable for the promotion of student/teacher con— ifdence,motivation,and independence.and hence for language learning and teaching.T}le new syllabus is mainly a process syllabus,with some elements of product syllabuses.It includes tasks,funcfions,situa— tions,topics,skills,culture and so on. 4.Main features of College English Syllabus for Liaocheng University. f 1)Oudine of the new syllabus hTe syllabus falls into three parts.Part one is hte speciifcations for formulating syllbaus.Part two is the body of the syllabus,including teaching objects, teaching concepts.teaching objectives.teaching re— quirements,teaching arrangements,evaluation and teaching administration.Part three is the six ap— pendixes:Computer—-and Classroom—.based College English Teaching Model。Self—assessment/Peer As— sessment Form for Students’English Competence. Reference Word List and Reference Phrase List of College English Syllbaus,List of Notional—Functional Items,List of Topics and List of Language Skills. 133 TEACHING RESEARCH Xin Chunlei,Chen Qigong/Reflections on the Design of CoUege English Syllabus (2)Main features of the new syllabus The main features of the new syllabus can be found by comparing and contrasting it with the 1 999 ples and its teaching and learning methods. r1lev be— lieve that t}le new syllabus follows modern linguistics heorties,adop ̄the humanistic approach and tom— puter—based teaching mode1.and considers affective and cognitive factors.thus arousing tlle students’in— terests in learning and cultivating their autonomous. ’init i‘ati‘ve.College English Syllabus(see 1 1e 11. Table 1.Comparisons and contrasts between the 1999 c0 English SyZZ ̄ and the new syllabus for Liaocheng University problem—solving and intercultural commu— I\ 1999 syllabus new syllabus process--orientd& eproduct—orientd enicative abilities.It will lay a solid foundation for the students’continuing learning and future development. Improvement of students’listening and speaking bialities Syllabus Type product-oriented ability to use language Teaching comprehensive language in an all-round way, Objective baility,readingabiiltyfirst especially in listening and speaking relatively strong reading,writing and translating bailiites Teaching certwritaiing n listand ening,speakitranslatng,ing  higherlistening& Requirements abilitise;relatively strong speaking bailities erading ability lnaguagelearning strategies intereultural communication baility student-centered Teaching teacher-centered web or Mode1 classroom-based teaching computer-based teaching& autonomous learning Evaluation knowldege-based peformatirformave& nce-based summative summative IV.Implementation of College English Syllabus in Liaocheng University Since 200 4,the new syllabus began to be car— ried out on trila partially in Liaocheng University. About 3000 fisrt—year fGrade 20041 and second—year fGrade 2oo31 students from 4 schools (School of Chemistry.School of Physics,School of Politics and Law。and School of History)were chosen to learn college English by following the new syllabus.The course book一一New Horizon College English and its relevant softwares published by FLTRP were adopted. From the August of 2005,the new syllabus has been carried out whoHy in the university. 1.Support from most majority of teachers and students With the progress of College English teaching refolq'n,a series of investigations and evaluations have been made.which indicate that the new syllbaus has produced marked effect. According to a survey,in Liaocheng University, 100%coHege English teachers have agreed on the new syllabus and participated actively in teaching re—- form;98.14%students have approved of its princi—- 134 Through comparative analysis of the students’ examination results between the control classes(162 students from 4 classes)and the experimental classes (88 students from 2 classes),it has been shown that students in the control classes have gained higher scores in listening and speaking,which achieve the teaching objective to develop students’abiliyt to use English in an all-round way,particulraly in listening and speaking.The detailed analysis is as follows(hte totla score of each term:100;listening and speaking scores reported in percentage terms): Table 2.Contrast of average exam results of stu-- dents(June,2005) \\pe college finalterm finlaterm finalterm Class Ty、\ entrance general ilstening speaking Experimental Classes 72.60 70.71 60.61 70.73 ControlClasses 72.52 70.75 54.52 65.52 3.Lightened workload of teaching About 1 300 students in experimental classes needed 1 25 class hours for teaching.If they were taught by the traditional teaching model,there would be at least 162 class hours.In fact 37 f22.84%0f hte total1 class hours were saved.The students’aver— age academic record was a little bit lower.while their marks in listening and speaking were higher than those of the students from control classes fsee Table 21. 4.Approval of authorities and universities hTe new syllabus was exchanged in workshops held by China English Language Education Associa’- tion and FLTRP b0th in Xi’an and Beijing.It was highly praised by some of the EFL experts in China. In 2004,Liaocheng University was chosen,by the Ministry of Education in China,as one of the u- niversities which reformed the College English teach- ing on tri1a.and in 2006,it was further selected as one of the 3 1 universities carrying out model project on college English teaching reform. In the annual meetings of Shandong Provincila College English Teaching Research Association, Liaocheng University has several times shared its ex—- 语文学刊・外语教育教学 perience with other universities.And up to now there have been more than 1 00 colleges and universities coming to the university to exchange experience.The reform was specially reported in November,2005 by Shandong Education TV. V.Conclusion University Press.2001:151—159. 2009年第1期 [4】College EngIish Syllbusa Revision Team.College Enghsh Syllbusa[Z].Beijing:The Higher Education Press,1999. [5】Higher Education Department of the Ministry of ducatEion, P.R.C.College English Curriculum Requkemen ̄(For Tri— al Implementation)[Z].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2oo4. It is the fistr time in China for a college or uni— versity to draw up its own syllabus for English.In making practical decisions about syllbusa design,we have taken into consideration all the possible factors 【6】Nunan,D.The Learner-cented Currriculum【M】.Cam- bridge:Cambridge University Press,1988:3. that might affect the teachability of our syllabus.By starting with an examination of each syllabus type, making the right choice and integration of the difer- ent types according to the teaching context is most eruci1.Though we have gmned periodiacal achieve—. ments,yet there is a long way to go.As time goes on, 【7]Nunan,D.“Task—based syllbusa design:selecting,grading and sequencing tasks”【A].In Crookes,G.&Gass,S.M. (Eds.).Tasks in a Pedagogical Context[C].Cleveland,UK: Multilingnal Matters,1993:55-66. 【8】Stem,H.H.Fundamental Concep ̄of Language Teaching 【M】.Oxford:Oxford University Pres,1983:434. 【9】Webb,J.“Reflections of Practical Experience in Desinigng and Mounting ESP Courses at the Colchester English the syllabus has to be revised and implemented in light of the new language teaching and learning theo- lies put forward.with students’English level im— proved and the teaching situation changed. Study Centre”【A].In Wilson,G.H.(Ed).Curriculum De— velopment and Syllabus Desin fgor English Teaching【C]. Singapore:SEAMEO Regional Language Centre,1976: 121-132. 【References】 【1】Allen,J.P.B.“General purpose language teaching:A vari— able focus approach”[A】.In Bmmfit,C.J.(Ed).General English Syllbusa Design.ELT Documen ̄【C】No.1 18. London:Pergamon Press&The Briitsh Council.1984:61— 74. [10]White,R.V.The ELT Curriculum:Desin,Ignnovaiton and Management【M】.Oxford:Blaekwell,1988:92. [1 1】Wilkins,D.,Bromfit,C.J.&Pau ̄ton,C.“Notional Syl— labuses Revisited:A response,some commen ̄,and a fur_ 【2]Breen,M.P.“Contemporary paradigms in syllbusa design, Part I”.Language Teaching【J],1987(20/2):81—91. 【3】Breen,M.P.“Syllabus Design”【A】.In Carter,R.&Nunan, D。 ds).The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to hert reply”【.『】.Appfid【e血guisitcs.1981(2/1):83—90. 【12】Yalden,J.Principles of Course Desin fgor Language Teaching[M】.Cambridge:Cambridge Univesirty Press, 】987:18. Speakers of Other Languages fC】.Cambridge:Cambridge 编写大学英语教学大纲的思考 辛春雷,陈其功 (聊城大学大学外语教育学院,山东聊城252059) [摘 要] 本文探讨了课程设置与教学大纲的区别,介绍了结构大纲、情景大纲、功能一意念大纲内容型 、大纲、任务型大纲和过程大纲等六种不同类型的大纲,简要回顾了大学英语教学大纲的编写及实施情况:通过 新旧大纲的对比,说明了新大纲的创新性,并介绍了教学改革取得的阶段性成果。文章结论是,大学英语教学 大纲应在教学改革的实践中不断修改和完善。 [关键词] 大学英语;大学英语教学;教学大纲;大纲设计 【英文校对】Zhao Xi, ̄j l35 

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