第四节 介词的翻译
一、介词转译成动词
1.将英语介词译成汉语动词
by train 乘火车 toward the south朝南 against the proposal 反对该项提议 within one’s power尽力
around the center围绕中心 of necessity有必要 before everything居于首位 through the ages古往今来 off shore离岸 up the wind顶着风 for principled unity主张有原则的团结 above classes超阶级 with a smile 笑了一笑 on the wrong track走错了路子
in the rain淋着雨 without a handle缺了一个把 from the masses, to the masses从群众中来，到群众中去 2.英语介词与汉语动词之间的转换有三类： （1）表语性介词短语
（2）表原因、目的、方式、手段的状语性介词短语 （3）补语性介词短语 （1） 表语性介词短语
每个介词都有一批可作表语用的短语，都可以转换成汉语动词。 以at为例：
to be at anchor 抛下锚 to be at a pinch极有必要 to be at leisure闲着，有空 to be at work上班、工作 to be at the cinema看电影to be at this rate照这样下去
to be at ease 安心 to be at sb.’s service听候（某人）吩咐
to be at peace处在和平时期 to be at war with与（）交战
to be at variance with sb. 与（）有分歧 to be at play游戏
to be at one’s mercy听从（）摆布 to be at sb.’s expense由（）担负开支
(2) 表原因、目的、方式、手段的状语性介词短语 以for为例：to leave Beijing for Shanghai离京去沪 以as为例：to work as an apprentice当学徒 以with为例：to do sth. with a good intention怀着善意
以out of为例：to do it out of right senses出于良知 以off为例：to get off the track离题 以by为例：to do sth. by force用武力做某事 以over为例：to stay over the weekend过了周末再走
以on为例：
to act on sb.’s advice 按照（）建议办事
to do sth. on one’s authority依仗（）权威做某事
to read on end没完没了地读下去 to go out on a spree出外寻欢作乐
to rack one’s brains on a case 为处理某一案件大伤脑筋 to act on impulse凭冲动办事 to set one’s teeth on edge发出嘎吱嘎吱的刺耳声（使人难以忍受）
to promise sth. on one’s honor用名誉担保 (3)补语性介词短语(补充说明宾语的行为、性状、处所等)
如：to arrange troops for battle部署准备作战 to ask sb. about his intention询问某人有什么打算 to let sb. into the secret让某人了解其中的秘密 to exhort sb. to sth.勉励某人做某事
to name sb. for some position提名某人担任某职 to nominate sb. to the vacant post推荐某人填补空缺 to take sb. about the city领着某人游览该市 作业：
1） Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.(A.L.Strong)
2） “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. 3） Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 4） We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town. 5） The judge sat in the dining-room amid his morning mail.
二紧扣介词词义，添加语义补足词 1）I did not hear much of him. 关于他的情况， 我听到的不多。
2) I could hear her voice distinctly amidst the din of the crowds.
尽管人群拥挤， 我还是能在一片嘈杂声中清楚地听到她的声音。
3) He is already past recovery. 他已经没有康复的希望了。 4) Try and get round him. 尽力说服他，争取他同意吧。 5) The spectacle unfolded to the music. 奇景伴随着音乐，展现在人们的眼前。
6) I don’t think he did all this within reason. 我认为他这一切所作所为并不是在理智健全的情况下干的。
7) Well, he is often zonked out on something---alcohol, this time.
是啊，他常常是那么迷迷糊糊， 象中了什么邪------这次，是喝多了几杯酒。
8) These men are really something. They get in with you before they can cash in on your innocence.
这些人真有一套。他们先对你来软的，然后利用你的无知从中获利。
三.运用反说法，将介词短语译成否定式
1.正说反说的变换是翻译中变通说法以利行文的重要手段。英语中除了一些具有明显的反说词义的介词（如without, despite, except,
notwithstanding等）外，很多介词都有反说式。如： above price 无价的 above such actions无须采取这样的行动
after a while不久 against any compromise不赞成作任何妥协
go athwart one’s purpose与„目的不同 before long不久
barring those items不包括以上项目 behind the times不合时宜
below sea level 不及海平面 beneath attention不值得注意 beyond compare 无法相比 by the year’s end不迟于年底
inside of a week 不到一周 near navy blue与海军蓝差不多
off duty不当班 out of sight看不见 outside the law不包括在法律范围内 well over fifty还不止50
past bearing忍受不了 under fifty不到50 within ten miles不到10英里
at variance with与„不一致 beyond the reach of为„力所不及
in default of由于没有„ in defiance of 无视、不顾 independent of 不依靠、不以„为转移 in disregard of不顾
in spite of不顾 in (the ) face of不顾、面对 irrespective of 不顾 out of keeping with与„不协调
out of proportion to (with )与„不相称 without regard to不考虑
2.在英译汉中将介词译成正说式或反说式取决于：（1）是否能准确达意，（2）是否符合汉语传统的表达习惯。 （1）表示否定假设、否定条件（“如果不是”、“要不是”、“若非”、“若无”、“无非”）时
（a） But for your efficiency, our timely communication
should have been impossible.
若无贵方之高效率工作，敝公司必不可能得到及时的通知。
(b) Without health, happiness is impossible. 没有健康，就没有快乐。
(c) He never gets angry unless when his patience gets frayed. 他从不生气，除非到了忍无可忍的地步。
（e）But for the rain we should have had a pleasant journey. 要不是下雨，我们那次旅行就惬意了。
(2)在现代汉语中，“除„外”有两种，一种“除此以外还有„”
（计算在内，如：besides, in addition to, as well as ），还有一种“除„没有以外，其他都有”（计算在外，如：but, except, except for, barring, save, saving）。翻译时必须注意,后者宜反说，以免引起词义含混。
（a）He is a very promising lawyer besides being good at
language.
他不只是长于语文， 而且是一个很有发展前途的律师。 (b) It’s anything but bad. 这根本不是什么坏事。
(c) The meeting will not be held barring your approval. 未经你同意，会议是不会开的。
(d) She is on the whole generous and friendly except that she is a bit frippery from time to time.
整个说来她这个人还是大方友善的，只不过有时有点俗
气。
（3）按汉语表达习惯，超过某种限度或提出建议、规定、办法以防止越出某种限度或出现某种情况时，多用否定式。
（a） The team has been trained off against all
chances.
由于训练过度，体力不支，该队没有任何取胜的希望了。
（b） No one will survive the shake-up except those
who are obviously above suspicion. 除了那些实在不可能涉嫌者外，没有人能幸免于这次整顿了。
（c） I’ve asked you again and again to go it alone
against any involvement in those messy cases. 我反复跟你说过自己干自己的，千万不要与那些混乱的案子有任何瓜葛。
四、运用比较句式，即使用汉语介词“比、较、比较” 现代英语中表达“比较”概念的介词有than, after, before, to, like, with, under, beneath, below, above, beyond, over, against to, behind, of, by comparison, beyond comparison with, in comparison with, in contrast with, in contrast to等。
1. Are you suggesting that his paper is just above the middling? Well I think it’s rather above his normal work.
你是不是说他的论文只不过比中等水平的好一点？但我认为他这一次比平时写得好多了。
2. Mrs. Black couldn’t stand any one before her son’s superiority.
布莱克夫人不能容忍任何人比她的儿子强。 3. He is quite strong now to what he used to be. 他比过去强壮多了。
4. There is nothing like exercise for making you warm. 没有比运动更能使你感到暖和的了。
5. More people have laughed over and cried over the books of Dickens than of perhaps any other British writer.
读狄更斯的书比读其他英国作家的书更令人悲喜交集。
6. At one time Sony seemed to have got the upper hand of all the other Japanese incorporations in competition.
有一个时期索尼公司在竞争中似乎比其它所有日本电器公司都要占上风。
7. He had the advantage of all his opponents, including those from Europe.
他比他的所有对手都强，包括欧洲选手。
