SSPC-SP5

September 1, 2000

Joint Surface Preparation Standard

SSPC-SP 5/NACE NO. 1

White Metal Blast Cleaning

This SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings andNACE International standard represents a consensus ofthose individual members who have reviewed this docu-ment, its scope and provisions. Its acceptance does not inany respect preclude anyone, having adopted the standardor not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or usingproducts, processes, or procedures not in conformance withthis standard. Nothing contained in this standard is to beconstrued as granting any right, by implication or otherwise,to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method,apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or asindemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for in-fringement of Letters Patent. This standard representsminimum requirements and should in no way be interpretedas a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials.Neither is this standard intended to apply in all casesrelating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances maynegate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances.SSPC and NACE assume no responsibility for the interpre-tation or use of this standard by other parties and acceptresponsibility for only those official interpretations issued bySSPC or NACE in accordance with their respective govern-ing procedures and policies, which preclude the issuance ofinterpretations by individual volunteers.

Users of this standard are responsible for reviewingappropriate health, safety, and regulatory documents andfor determining their applicability in relation to this standardprior to its use. This SSPC/NACE standard may not neces-sarily address all potential health and safety problems orenvironmental hazards associated with the use of materials,equipment and/or operations detailed or referred to withinthis standard. Users of this standard are also responsible forestablishing appropriate health, safety, and environmentalprotection practices, in consultation with appropriate regu-latory authorities, if necessary, to achieve compliance withany existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to theuse of this standard.

CAUTIONARY NOTICE: SSPC/NACE standards aresubject to periodic review and may be revised or withdrawnat any time without prior notice. SSPC and NACE requirethat action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw thisstandard no later than five years from the date of initialpublication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latestedition. Purchasers may receive current information on allstandards and other publications by contacting the organi-zations at the addresses below:

©NACE InternationalP.O. Box 218340

Houston, TX 77218-8340(telephone +1 281/228-6200)

©SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings40 24th Street, Sixth FloorPittsburgh, PA 15222

(telephone +1 412/281-2331)

Foreword

This joint standard covers the use of blast cleaningabrasives to achieve a defined degree of cleaning of steelsurfaces prior to the application of a protective coating orlining system. This standard is intended for use by coatingor lining specifiers, applicators, inspectors, or others whoseresponsibility it may be to define a standard degree ofsurface cleanliness.

The focus of this standard is white metal blast cleaning.Near-white metal blast cleaning, commercial blast cleaning,industrial blast cleaning and brush-off blast cleaning areaddressed in separate standards.

White metal blast cleaning provides a greater degree ofcleaning than near-white blast cleaning (SSPC-SP 10/NACENo. 2).

The difference between a white metal blast and a near-white blast is that a white metal blast removes all of thecoating, mill scale, rust, oxides, corrosion products, andother foreign matter from the surface. Near-white blastingallows light shadows, slight streaks, or minor discolorationscaused by stains of rust, stains of mill scale, or stains ofpreviously applied coating to remain on no more than 5percent of each unit area of surface.

This joint standard was prepared by the SSPC/NACETask Group A on Surface Preparation by Abrasive BlastCleaning. This joint Task Group includes members of boththe SSPC Surface Preparation Committee and the NACEUnit Committee T-6G on Surface Preparation.

1. General

1.1 This joint standard covers the requirements forwhite metal blast cleaning of unpainted or painted steelsurfaces by the use of abrasives. These requirementsinclude the end condition of the surface and materials andprocedures necessary to achieve and verify the end condi-tion.

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1.2 The mandatory requirements are described inSections 1 to 9 as follows:

Section 1GeneralSection 2DefinitionSection 3ReferencesSection 4Procedures Before Blast CleaningSection 5Blast Cleaning Methods and OperationSection 6Blast Cleaning AbrasivesSection 7Procedures Following Blast Cleaning and

Immediately Prior to Coating

Section 8InspectionSection 9Safety and Environmental RequirementsNOTE: Section 10, “Comments” and Appendix A, “Explana-tory Notes” are not mandatory requirements of this stan-dard.

3.3 If there is a conflict between the requirements of any

of the cited reference standards and this standard, therequirements of this standard shall prevail.

3.4 SSPC: The Society For Protective Coatings Stan-dards:

AB 1Mineral and Slag AbrasivesAB 2Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic

Abrasives

AB 3Newly Manufactured or Re-Manufactured

Steel Abrasives

PA Guide 3A Guide to Safety in Paint ApplicationSP 1Solvent CleaningVIS 1Visual Standard for Abrasive Blast Cleaned

Steel

2. Definition

2.1 A white metal blast cleaned surface, when viewedwithout magnification, shall be free of all visible oil, grease,dust, dirt, mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corrosion prod-ucts, and other foreign matter.

2.2 Acceptable variations in appearance that do notaffect surface cleanliness as defined in Section 2.1 includevariations caused by type of steel, original surface condi-tion, thickness of the steel, weld metal, mill or fabricationmarks, heat treating, heat affected zones, blasting abra-sives, and differences due to blasting technique.

2.3 When a coating is specified, the surface shall beroughened to a degree suitable for the specified coatingsystem.

2.4 Immediately prior to coating application, the entiresurface shall comply with the degree of cleaning specifiedherein.

2.5 SSPC-VIS 1- may be specified to supplement thewritten definition. In any dispute, the written standards shalltake precedence over visual standards and comparators.Additional information on visual standards and comparatorsis available in Section A.4 of Appendix A.

4. Procedures Before Blast Cleaning

4.1 Before blast cleaning, visible deposits of oil, grease,or other contaminants shall be removed in accordance withSSPC-SP 1 or other agreed upon methods.

4.2 Before blast cleaning, surface imperfections suchas sharp fins, sharp edges, weld spatter, or burning slagshould be removed from the surface to the extent requiredby the procurement documents (project specification). Ad-ditional information on surface imperfections is available inSection A.5 of Appendix A.

4.3 If a visual standard or comparator is specified tosupplement the written standard, the condition of the steelprior to blast cleaning should be determined before theblasting commences. Additional information on visual stan-dards and comparators is available in Section A.4 of Appen-dix A.

5. Blast Cleaning Methods and Operation

5.1 Clean, dry compressed air shall be used for nozzleblasting. Moisture separators, oil separators, traps, or otherequipment may be necessary to achieve this requirement.5.2 Any of the following methods of surface preparationmay be used to achieve a white metal abrasive blast cleanedsurface:

5.2.1 Dry abrasive blasting using compressed air, blastnozzles, and abrasive.

5.2.2 Dry abrasive blasting using a closed-cycle, recir-culating abrasive system with compressed air, blast nozzle,and abrasive, with or without vacuum for dust and abrasiverecovery.

3. References

3.1 The documents referenced in this standard arelisted in Section 3.4.

3.2 The latest issue, revision, or amendment of thereferenced standards in effect on the date of invitation to bidshall govern unless otherwise specified.

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5.2.3 Dry abrasive blasting using a closed cycle,recirculating abrasive system with centrifugal wheels andabrasive.

5.3 Other methods of surface preparation (such as wetabrasive blasting) may be used to achieve a white metalblast cleaned surface by mutual agreement between thoseresponsible for performing the work and those responsiblefor establishing the requirements. NOTE: Information onthe use of inhibitors to prevent the formation of rust imme-diately after wet blast cleaning is contained in Section A.9 ofAppendix A.

7.3 After blast cleaning, surface imperfections thatremain (e.g., sharp fins, sharp edges, weld spatter, burningslag, scabs, slivers, etc.) shall be removed to the extentrequired in the procurement documents (project specifica-tion). Any damage to the surface profile resulting from theremoval of surface imperfections shall be corrected to meetthe requirements of Section 2.4. NOTE: Additional informa-tion on surface imperfections is contained in Section A.5 ofAppendix A.

7.4 Any visible rust that forms on the surface of the steelafter blast cleaning shall be removed by recleaning therusted areas to meet the requirements of this standardbefore coating. NOTE: Information on rust-back (re-rust-ing) and surface condensation is contained in Sections A.6,A.7 and A.8 of Appendix A.

6. Blast Cleaning Abrasives

6.1 The selection of abrasive size and type shall bebased on the type, grade, and surface condition of the steelto be cleaned, type of blast cleaning system employed, thefinished surface to be produced (cleanliness and rough-ness), and whether the abrasive will be recycled.

6.2 The cleanliness and size of recycled abrasives shallbe maintained to ensure compliance with this specification.6.3 The blast cleaning abrasive shall be dry and freeof oil, grease, and other contaminants as determined by thetest methods found in SSPC-AB 1, AB 2 and AB 3.6.4 Any limitations on the use of specific abrasives, thequantity of contaminants, or the degree of allowable embed-ment shall be included in the procurement documents (projectspecification) covering the work, because abrasive embed-ment and abrasives containing contaminants may not beacceptable for some service requirements. NOTE: Addi-tional information on abrasive selection is given in SectionA.2 of Appendix A.

8. Inspection

8.1 Work and materials supplied under this standardare subject to inspection by a representative of those re-sponsible for establishing the requirements. Materials andwork areas shall be accessible to the inspector. The proce-dures and times of inspection shall be as agreed upon bythose responsible for establishing the requirements andthose responsible for performing the work.

8.2 Conditions not complying with this standard shall becorrected. In the case of a dispute, an arbitration or settle-ment procedure established in the procurement documents(project specification) shall be followed. If no arbitration orsettlement procedure is established, then a procedure mu-tually agreeable to purchaser and supplier shall be used.8.3 The procurement documents (project specification)should establish the responsibility for inspection and for anyrequired affidavit certifying compliance with the specifica-tion.

7. Procedures Following Blast Cleaning andImmediately Prior to Coating

7.1 Visible deposits of oil, grease, or other contami-nants shall be removed according to SSPC-SP 1 or anothermethod agreed upon by those parties responsible for estab-lishing the requirements and those responsible for perform-ing the work.

7.2 Dust and loose residues shall be removed fromprepared surfaces by brushing, blowing off with clean, dryair, vacuum cleaning, or other methods agreed upon bythose responsible for establishing the requirements andthose responsible for performing the work. NOTE: Thepresence of toxic metals in the abrasives or paint beingremoved may place restrictions on the methods of cleaningpermitted. Comply with all applicable regulations. Moistureseparators, oil separators, traps, or other equipment may benecessary to achieve clean, dry air.

9. Safety and Environmental Requirements

9.1 Because abrasive blast cleaning is a hazardousoperation, all work shall be conducted in compliance withapplicable occupational and environmental health and safetyrules and regulations. NOTE: SSPC-PA Guide 3, “A Guideto Safety in Paint Application,” addresses safety concernsfor coating work.

10. Comments

10.1 Additional information and data relative to thisstandard are contained in Appendix A. Detailed informationand data are presented in a separate document, SSPC-SPCOM, “Surface Preparation Commentary.” The recommen-dations contained in Appendix A and SSPC-SP COM arebelieved to represent good practice, but are not to be

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considered requirements of the standard. The sections ofSSPC-SP COM that discuss subjects related to industrialblast cleaning are listed below.

Subject Commentary SectionAbrasive Selection..............................6Film Thickness..................................10Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning..........8.2Maintenance Repainting.................4.2Rust-back (Re-rusting)....................8.3Surface Profile.................................6.2Visual Standards..............................11Weld Spatter.................................4.4.1

Appendix A. Explanatory Notes

A.1 FUNCTION: White metal blast cleaning (SSPC-SP5/NACE No. 1) provides the greatest degree of cleaning. Itshould be used when the highest degree of blast cleaning isrequired. The primary functions of blast cleaning beforecoating are: (a) to remove material from the surface that cancause early failure of the coating system and (b) to obtain asuitable surface roughness and to enhance the adhesion ofthe new coating system. The hierarchy of blasting standardsis as follows: white metal blast cleaning, near-white blastcleaning, commercial blast cleaning, industrial blast clean-ing, and brush-off blast cleaning.

A.2 ABRASIVE SELECTION: Types of metallic andnon-metallic abrasives are discussed in the Surface Prepa-ration Commentary (SSPC-SP COM). It is important torecognize that blasting abrasives may become embedded inor leave residues on the surface of the steel during prepa-ration. While normally such embedment or residues are notdetrimental, care should be taken to ensure that the abra-sive is free from detrimental amounts of water-soluble,solvent-soluble, acid-soluble, or other soluble contaminants(particularly if the prepared steel is to be used in an immer-sion environment). Criteria for selecting and evaluatingabrasives are given in SSPC-AB 1, “Mineral and SlagAbrasives,” SSPC-AB 2, “Cleanliness of Recycled FerrousMetallic Abrasives,” and SSPC-AB3, “Newly Manufacturedor Re-Manufactured Steel Abrasives.”

A.3 SURFACE PROFILE: Surface profile is the rough-ness of the surface which results from abrasive blast clean-ing. The profile depth (or height) is dependent upon the size,shape, type, and hardness of the abrasive, particle velocityand angle of impact, hardness of the surface, amount ofrecycling, and the proper maintenance of working mixturesof grit and/or shot.

The allowable minimum/maximum height of profile isusually dependent upon the thickness of the coating to beapplied. Large particle sized abrasives (particularly metal-

lic) can produce a profile that may be too deep to beadequately covered by a single thin film coat. Accordingly,it is recommended that the use of larger abrasives beavoided in these cases. However, larger abrasives may beneeded for thick film coatings or to facilitate removal of thickcoatings, heavy mill scale, or rust. If control of profile(minimum/maximum) is deemed to be significant to coatingperformance, it should be addressed in the procurementdocuments (project specification). Typical profile heightsachieved with commercial abrasive media are shown inTable 5 of the Surface Preparation Commentary (SSPC-SPCOM). Surface profile should be measured in accordancewith NACE Standard RP0287 (latest edition), “Field Mea-surement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast Cleaned SteelSurfaces Using Replica Tape, “ or ASTM(1) D 4417 (latestedition), “Test Method for Field Measurement of SurfaceProfile of Blast Cleaned Steel.”

A.4 VISUAL STANDARDS: Note that the use of visualstandards or comparators in conjunction with this standardis required only when specified in the procurement docu-ment (project specification) covering the work. However, itis strongly recommended that the procurement documentrequire the use of visual standards or comparators. SSPC-VIS 1- (Visual Standard for Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel)provides color photographs for the various grades of surfacepreparation as a function of the initial condition of the steel.The series A-SP 5, B-SP 5, C-SP 5 and D-SP 5 depictsurfaces cleaned to white metal grade. In addition, theseries A-SP 5 M and N depict surfaces cleaned by variousmetallic and non-metallic abrasives to SP 5 condition. TheNACE Visual Comparator for Surface Finishing of WeldsPrior to Coating is a plastic weld replica that complementsNACE Standard RP 0178. Other available visual standardsare described in Section 11 of SSPC-SP COM.

A.5 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS: Surface imperfec-tions can cause premature failure when the service issevere. Coatings tend to pull away from sharp edges andprojections, leaving little or no coating to protect the under-lying steel. Other features that are difficult to properly coverand protect include crevices, weld porosities, laminations,etc. The high cost of the methods to remedy surfaceimperfections requires weighing the benefits of edge round-ing, weld spatter removal, etc., versus a potential coatingfailure.

Poorly adhering contaminants, such as weld slag resi-dues, loose weld spatter, and some minor surface lamina-tions may be removed during the blast cleaning operation.Other surface defects (steel laminations, weld porosities, ordeep corrosion pits) may not be evident until the surfacepreparation has been completed. Therefore, proper plan- ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

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ning for such surface repair work is essential because thetiming of the repairs may occur before, during, or after theblast cleaning operation. Section 4.4 of SSPC-SP COM andNACE Standard RP0178 (latest edition), “Fabrication De-tails, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper DesignConsiderations for Tanks and Vessels to be Lined for Im-mersion Service” contain additional information on surfaceimperfections.

A.6 CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION: Steel contami-nated with soluble salts (e.g., chlorides and sulfates) devel-ops rust-back rapidly at intermediate and high humidities.These soluble salts can be present on the steel surface priorto blast cleaning as a result of atmospheric contamination.In addition, contaminants can be deposited on the steelsurface during blast cleaning if the abrasive is contami-nated. Therefore, rust-back can be minimized by removingthese salts from the steel surface and eliminating sources ofrecontamination during and after blast cleaning. Wet meth-ods of removal are described in SSPC-SP 12/NACE No. 5.Identification of the contaminants along with their concen-trations may be obtained from laboratory and field tests asdescribed in SSPC-TU 4, “Technology Update on FieldMethods for Retrieval and Analysis of Soluble Salts onSubstrates.”

A.7 RUST-BACK: Rust-back (re-rusting) occurs whenfreshly cleaned steel is exposed to moisture, contamination,or a corrosive atmosphere. The time interval between blastcleaning and rust-back will vary greatly from one environ-ment to another. Under mild ambient conditions, if chemicalcontamination is not present (see Section A.6), it is best toblast clean and coat a surface the same day. Severeconditions may require more expedient coating applicationto avoid contamination from fallout. Chemical contamina-tion should be removed prior to coating (see Section A.6).A.8 DEW POINT: Moisture condenses on any surfacethat is colder than the dew point of the surrounding air. It is,therefore, recommended that the temperature of the steelsurface be at least 3 °C (5 °F) above the dew point during dry

blast cleaning operations. It is advisable to visually inspectfor moisture and periodically check the surface temperatureand dew point during blast cleaning operations and to avoidthe application of coating over a damp surface.

A.9 WET ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING: Steel thatis wet abrasive blast cleaned may rust rapidly. Clean watershould be used for rinsing. It may be necessary thatinhibitors be added to the water or applied to the surfaceimmediately after blast cleaning to temporarily prevent rustformation. The use of inhibitors or the application of coatingover slight discoloration should be in accordance with therequirements of the coating manufacturer. CAUTION: Someinhibitive treatments may interfere with the performance ofcertain coating systems.

A.10 FILM THICKNESS: It is essential that amplecoating be applied after blast cleaning to adequately coverthe peaks of the surface profile. The dry film thickness of thecoating above the peaks of the profile should equal thethickness known to be needed for the desired protection. Ifthe dry film thickness over the peaks is inadequate, prema-ture rust-through or failure will occur. To assure that coatingthicknesses are properly measured the procedures in SSPC-PA 2 (latest edition), “Measurement of Dry Coating Thick-ness with Magnetic Gauges” should be used.

A.11 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PAINTING: Whenthis standard is used in maintenance painting, specificinstructions should be given on the extent of surface to beblast cleaned or spot blast cleaned to this degree of clean-liness. In these cases, the cleaning shall be performedacross the entire area specified. For example, if all weldseams are to be cleaned in a maintenance operation, thisdegree of cleaning shall be applied 100% to all weld seams.If the entire structure is to be prepared, this degree ofcleaning shall be applied to 100% of the entire structure.SSPC-PA Guide 4 (latest edition), “Guide to MaintenanceRepainting with Oil Base or Alkyd Painting Systems,” pro-vides a description of accepted practices for retaining oldsound coating, removing unsound coating, feathering, andspot cleaning.

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