语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句

语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】

语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种：

①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。

如：There are many thousands of staat are lun.

在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。

乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”不对啊，天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被这个地点状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。

②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。

如：Do you remember one aars ago when I caur house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？

when I caur house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰a而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰a。

③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后

如：A new master willw who will teach you German.

明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。

【语法难点精析之的区别】

（１） besides与ex前者表示＂除．．．以外，还有．．．＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去．．．＂

这个大家都知道，就不举例子了．

（２）except与exa．除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用exg：

Allays are well wxcept NelNelson的文章（除去的）和Allays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except．

b．除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用ex，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾．

eg：His essay is well wxa few spelling mistaa few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同类的事物．

（３）apa具有多重意义：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，还可以表示without的意思

eg：

Apawill take a l(=besides)

The orphan hadake caapauncle.(=except)

He has done good work,apaa few slight faults.(=ex)

There can bwledge apaactice.实践出真知．（＝without）

（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后

eg:

Excepting his bare all rigvxcepting myself,must share the blaAll of us,without excepting those who know more about the subuld study.

All my bvery day,always excepting the youngest.

（５）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后

eg：

The children gl everyday but Sunday.

They are all gone buu can get the book anywhere buTbuWho but George would do such a thing?

【语法难点之结构表示肯定含义的情况】（连载中）结构表示肯定含义的情况】我们知道结构一般表示否定含义,意为\"太...以致于不能\"

eg:Hld to work.

但在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:

⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.

eg:Engldifficult to lea英语并不太难学.

Hwat.

他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.

⑵当too后是

glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时.

eg:They are too anxious to leave.

他们急于离开.

Hady to hel他总是乐于助人.

与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.

eg:I\"m only too gladu .

见到你非常高兴.

They are but too pleased to heaws.

他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.

⑶与cannot连用时.

eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homew你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).

⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.

eg:There aany problems to be solved.

有很多问题有待解决.

Iuch to say thaa fool.

【语法难点精析之表示”每隔“的用法】⑴\"ev+单数名词”

意思是“每隔一。。。”

如：evday 每隔一天 ev每隔一棵树

⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”

意思是“每隔。。。”（较英语数词少一个）

如：evdays=evd day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天）

因此every two days=evday 每隔一天（或者译为每两天）

⑶“every few+复数名词”

意思是“每隔几。。。”

如：every few days（每隔几天）

【语法难点精析之和的用法】如：

Young children are usually lively.

小孩子们通常是活泼的。

He told a very livel他讲了一个生动的故事。

⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。

如：

This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.)

这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）

Wgreatest man alive(=living man)?

谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）

Tll alive(=living)

那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。

⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”

等）解时，要用living。

如：

Twas caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living）

那位敌方军官被活捉了。

We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）

Hliving imagather.(比喻义，不用alive）

他活象他父亲。

⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。

如：

The living aant to us than the dead.

活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。

语法难点精析之含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语】

at play 在玩

at the play 在看戏

behind time 迟到

behind落在时代后

by day 在白天

by the day 按日计算

by sea 乘船

ba 在海边在...(外面的)前面在...(内部的前面)arge of 看护,负责arge of 由...看护,由...负责秘密地(作状语)知道内情(作表语)urse of 在...过程中(作表语后置定语)urse of 在...期间(作状语)d 穿着红衣服d 负债,赤字age 成年an age (岁数)同年着火在考虑中asion 不时地;必要时asion 在那时

out of question 毫无疑问

ouquestion 不可能death 十分death 到最后

five of us 我们中的五人(部分)ve of us 我们五个人(全部)

a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫

a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫a faimly way 象一家人一样amily

way 怀孕

dld 冻死

die of a cold 感冒而死

have words with 与...争吵

have a word with 与...略谈use 管理家务use 守在家里

ta就寝

take a reat 休息一下

take place 发生

talace of 代替

【语法难点精析之与副词同义的介词短语】in angry= angrildespair= desparingladmiration= admiringllact = acruallar = fearfullaairlun = funnilgrief = grievouslglline = lineallullublic = publiclllentlullw =sorrily/sorrowfulluurprisedly

with a smile =smilingly

with satisfaatisfactorily

with aattentively

with care =carefully

with courage =courageously

with difficult =difficultly

waatically

with fascination =fascinatingly

with grace =gracefully

wully

with pride =proudly

with pleasure =pleasantly

with warmth =warmly

out of breath =breathlessly【语法难点精析之用还是作后置定语】不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:

⑴will, willingness, sugglusion, dagusal, determinaal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.

如:

Mary has the will to w(不用of winning)

玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.

He has drawn a conclugo abroad wamily.(不用of winning)

他已作出了携家去国外的决定.

⑵bilbilbabilblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.

如:

In fawinning the ga事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说win)

He will rulosing his lavld.

他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.

⑶way, chadgdom, powunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.

如:

Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was l他们失去了出国的机会.

He haght to do (of doing) that.

他有权那样做.

【语法难点精析之用还是作后置定语】⑴will, willingness, sugglusion, dagusal, determinaal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.

如:

Mary has the will to w(不用of winning)

玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.

He has drawn a conclugo abroad wamily.(不用of winning)

他已作出了携家去国外的决定.

⑵bilbilbabilblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.

如:

In fawinning the ga事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说win)

He will rulosing his lavld.

他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.

⑶way, chadgdom, powunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.

如:

Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was l他们失去了出国的机会.

He haght to do (of doing) that.

他有权那样做.

虚拟语气的重点是：

1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。

2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。

3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。

4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。

上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。

下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。

一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型

（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气

A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。

B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。

C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。

The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not g---“I let Joe borrow our rada”

---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buwn.”

I wish that he weren’t so la(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。

His father had hoped thawould go to business wbubecame an artist la(3)would (had) rather, would awould sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：

I’d rather you posted the lght away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。

I woulddidn’t stalong.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。

I would just au had returned the bday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

（4）It’s (high, about)at 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。

It’ag was done abouablem downtowIt is higat we put an enddiscussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。

（5）as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：urch as we use the wordall religiouutions, ban, Islamivc, Buddwish, andThe buach day, be it selling goodg them, went qul（6）由连接词in caat ,unless,

lar that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：ut a blanket over the babar thauld catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。

The bad man was pu-padded cell lul(7) if it w…与现在事实相反，ad not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：

If it had not blp(=bulp),we would not have succeeded.

(8) 虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：lauganeously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly awere a paunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。

They talked aad bdars.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。looks awould cry.她看起来好像要哭了。

(9)其它各种句型, as though, suad rather, supposing, if only等等

If I were in a movwould be abouat I buried my headands for a二、特殊形式的虚拟语气

虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。

A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：

ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求and命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望

d决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张ve建议，动员提议 object反对 order命令建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心d推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进

vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求

注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。advised that we shouldgate locked.（书面体）advised ugate locked.（口语）advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)

B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：

advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的

dd决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的al紧要的，基本的lied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的

desirable合意的 better较好的，更好坚持的 desired想要

asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的

natural自然的d坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议

urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的ble可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点）d提议quested要求的 required要求的ded推荐 resolved决定的bable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾

注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…

来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。

Ial thauld be preparedIalbe prepared．用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：

advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望坚持 motion提议必要性 order命令偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求dation推荐quest要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告

例如：

Tlution that extra-curriculum activities be made pal life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。

Taalast speaker be expungedd.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。

三、混合虚拟语气

有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。

If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so slA. haven’t watched B. didn’t waadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案选C。

Many dead would now be alivave not attempted to retug.

Had Paul received six more vlast elwould be our chairman now混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。

I would have gone to val had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last w该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。ur mauctor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill a该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。

四、含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条

件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：

（1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, undavorable condition等。leadarty, we could not be living a happy today.=Iadn’t bleadarty, we could not be living a happy todaA. IB. BuBecause of D. As for 答案选B。

But that she was afraid, she would have said(2)连词，如：so that, unlase, supposing, lvided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order thadaly(要是……就好了)等。listened carefully in order thaght discover exactly what he wantedlistened carefullght discover exactly what he wanted.

If only I hadI could buy a ca(注：lar that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：

Tgn tealowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。

Care must be taken in usingd lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。

（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有buwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。

I thougldren when we returned home, but they were still awaA. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。

(4)形容词及其比较级

A more carefulwould not have made so many mistaA lus man wouldn’t have tried so hard to gb d(5)分词短语

Having knowwe might have prevented the accidBdays earlboy could havlate fa(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。

I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at thaTo heaak Fu would taan Englishmawould be stupidavitaIt would be eadwa(7)名词短语和名词+and结构

A judicious man would not havd suicidA diligent student would have worked hard(8)主格结构

All things consideredwould be reasonabl(9)定语从句

Anyone who had buwould have daA nation, wd working, would be dead in a fortnig(10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：

I should have called to make an airlvation, but I didn’Tught to have called-brigade as soon as he sawwhich went u(11)动词原形表示虚拟

动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般

用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于句中表达愿望。

God bless you!

All magnets behave the same, be they large or small’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).

If that be so, we shall take action a强化训练：虚拟语气

1．Wwy weather, we all rigA. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be

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A. could lose B. would have lght lose D. ought to have lHad Paul received six more vlast elur chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would bIf you Jerry Brown until recently, you’dgraght was strangA. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C.

weren’act D. hadn’t contacted

10. he English examination I would have glast Sunday

A. IB. BuBecause of D. ALook able situation I am in! If only I your advA. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed

12. Had Paul received six more vlast elur chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contactedIwon todaave yeaA. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have wTa real possibility thaanimals could be frightened, _______a sudden loudA. being there B. should there bwas Daving bThe board deemed it urgent thales right awaA. had to bd B. should have bdust bd D. should bdan Wagner’during contribuudy of Afro-Americaaa religious, as well as worldly, fraAbe analyzed B. has been analyzedbe analyzed D. should have been analyzedI would have gone to val had it been at all possible, but I ______

fully occupied the whole of last wA. were B. had bave been D. waI apologize if I you, but I assure you it was ual.

A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offendedIf you hadn’t taken such a longget dressed, we’d there by now.

A. be B. circlling D. be circling

20. The suast andwaun ________round the eaA. wling B. circlling D. be circling

21. I wish that I ______ with you last nigA. went B. have guld go D. could have g22. I wish I wA. would be B. am C. was D. w23. I wish that Ilast nigA. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended

24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish IA. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have g25. “I wish youugs away,” he said.

A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help

26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigneddA. didur B. hadurred C. waurring D. be circling

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29. The teacher suggested thaudents exwith ESP.

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lHe described the town alA. had seen B. haaw DAt that thouglf, as thougan evil dreaA. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had wurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims untilvestigauaA. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t dAlthough most adoptedwagw watural parents awho have found them wish thaxg.

A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t havIant that the TOEFLur registraA. willBD. muWithout eluters, muday’s advanced technologA. will not have been achieved B. have not been achievedwould not have been achieved D. had not been achieved

40. He toldurn the baa chaadA. may have B. will have C. would have D. might havIat the govasuare birds and animalA. takes Bas taken D. taking

42le aarticular about school recordg that every applicant ______all diplomalemental to univA. has B. will havuld have D. must havHe was very budawg.

A. would come B. came C. would have come D. hadI must say he reads very well, and I shouldn’t be surprised if he acting for a living one daA. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken uIf I hadvie, I you all about it now.

A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have toldI hadn’t expected Hapologize but I had hopedAall me up B. him calling me uat he would call me up D. that he will callI had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayedlA. spends

Bwould spend D. will spendI had hoped thaa doctor, but she wasn’t good enough aA. will become B. became C. would become D. bI’d rather you anything aboubeing.

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A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend

52. It’s aboule______what women did during the waA. take Bave taken D. will taverybody has arrived. It’s time we the claA. shall start B. would start C. had started D. staglish examination I would have glast SundaA. IB. BuBecause of D. Aary my letter; otherwwould have replied bw.

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60. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more matuquires thaldlogically readw idea.

A. is B. were C. be D. would bTom’s father, as well aNewa few daA. aay B. aay

C. aays D. aa2. Your advice that______ till next wasonablA. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waitedThe board deemed it urgent thales right awaA. had to bd B. should have bdust bd D. should bdIt waal that we lease bdA. sing B. singed C. had signed D. were signingIt is appropriate tha______thorough studulApollA. devB. devoteddevoted to D. be devoted to