跨文化交际学概论课件资料

I. Culture and Intercultural CommunicationCulture:

●Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. (Sapir, 1921)

●Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everythingthat a group of people thinks, says, does, and makes. (R. Kohls, 1979)

●Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which

affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.⽂化是习得的⼀套关于信仰、价值观、规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观、规范对相当⼤⼈类群体的⾏为产⽣影响。The Characteristics of Culture:1.Culture is not innate; it is learned;

2.Culture is transmissible from person to person, group to group, and generation togeneration;

3.Culture is a dynamic system that changes continuously over time;

4.Culture is selective; (every culture represents a limited choice of behavior patterns)5.Culture is composed of interrelated facets;

6.Culture is ethnocentric (centeredness on one’s own group).

The American sociolinguist D. Hymes pointed out that people with communicative competence should know when, whereand what to speak to whom and how.Models of communication

Theoretically, the model of communication is always described in the following way:

Communication is exchanging information in the form of messages, symbols, thoughts, signs and opinions.The Ingredients of Culture●Language;●Religion;

●Values and attitudes;●Education;

●Social organization;

●Technology and material culture;●Politics;●Law

Intercultural Communication (IC)

●In its most general sense, IC refers to those occasions when a member of one

culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. (p70, Samovar & Porter)●More precisely, IC refers to communication between people whose culture

perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(p70, Samovar & Porter)跨⽂化交际:指拥有不同⽂化认知和符号体系的⼈们之间进⾏的交际。胡⽂仲：具有不同⽂化背景的⼈从事交际的过程就是跨⽂化交际。Time orientation: (Hall, 1976):

美国⼈类学家霍尔（Edward Hall）在《超越⽂化》（Beyond Culture）⼀书中⾸次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronic time）和“多向计时制”（polychronic time).1.Monochronic Time (M-Time)

It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from thepast into the future. e.g. American People1.1 单向计时制重视⽇程安排、阶段时间和准时;

1.2 认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就像⼀条道路或带⼦向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。1.3 认为同时做两件事⼏乎有点不道德;

1.4 持有这种时间取向的英美⼈⼠把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西, 可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得

（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（make up）、计量(measure）、甚⾄当成商品⼀样买卖（buy, sell）和拥有（have）。

美国⼈特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时, 严格按照⽇程⼀次做⼀件事情（do one thing at a time）.2.Polychronic Time (P-Time)

2.1 P-time schedules several activities at the same time. It is flexible and more humanistic.

2.2 People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments asironclad commitments and often break them.

e.g. Chinese, Latin American, Arab and most Asian culturesNegative impacts in IC:1.Ethnocentrism

2.Anxiety and Uncertainty3.Stereotypes4.Prejudice

5.Discrimination & Racism1.Ethnocentrism

If people believe that their culture is the only true culture, they will discriminate against peoplewho manifest cultural norms that fail to correspond to their values and behaviors.2. Anxiety and Uncertainty

2.1 Anxiety refers to the feeling of being uneasy, tense, worried, or apprehensive about what might happy.2.2 Uncertainty refers to our inability to predict or explain others’ behavior, feelings, attitudes, behavior, or values.Our ability to communicate effectively is based, at least in part, on our ability to manage our anxiety and uncertainty.Anxiety and Uncertainty Management (AUM)Theory (Gudykunst, 1995)：

AUM management theory suggests that effective interpersonal and intergroup communication is a function of how individualsmanage the anxiety and uncertainty they experience when communicatingwith others.3. Stereotypes

3.1 Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed andsimple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. (Walter Lippmann)3.2 Human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.4.Prejudice

It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair, biased, orintolerant attitude towards another group of people. ( Lusting & Koester)5.Discrimination

It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”. ( Lusting & Koester)Racism

The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others.Ethnocentrism:

If people believe that their culture is the only true culture, they will discriminate against people who manifest cultural normsthat fail to correspond to their values and behaviors.Individualism and Collectivism

Individualism-collectivism is the major dimension of cultural variability used to explain cross-cultural differences andsimilarities in communication across culture.Individualistic Culture(liberalism):

individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to others. People areencouraged to display self- confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.Collectivistic culture(Confucianism):

places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. Goingone's own way is not valued; uniformity and conformity are stressed.1.Individualism

Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from，rather than similar to others. People areencouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.

Individualistic cultures: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, U.K., Ireland, Isreal, Italy,Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switerland，U.S.A.2. Collectivism

Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we”

cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.

Collectivistic cultures: Brazil, China, Colombia, Egypt, Greece, India, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru,Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Venezuela, Vietnam.

Individualism-collectivism is expected to affect communication mainly through : ?Influence on group identities;Differentiation between ingroup and outgroup communication.Both individualism and collectivism exist in all cultures;Self-orientation involves the “pursuit of private interests”;

Collectivity orientation involves the “pursuit of the common interes ts of the collectivity”.Comparing major characteristics:Individualistic culture:

●Emphasis on individual’s goals, self-realization;

●Little differences between ingroup and outgroup communication;●Independent self construal --- “I”identity;

●Low-context communication which is direct, precise, and absolute.Collectivistic culture:

●Emphasis on ingroup’s goals---fitting into the ingroup;

●Large differences between ingroup and outgroup communication;●Interdependent self construal---“we”identity;

●High-context communication which is indirect, imprecise, and probabilistic.High-context communication:

Most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the code, explicit,transmitted part of the message(indirect, ambiguous and understated(轻描淡写) --- collectivistic cultures).Low-context communication:

The mass of information is given in the explicit code (direct, explicit, open, precise, and consistent with one’s feelings ---individualistic cultures).II. Cross-gender communication

The closer you are to someone, and the longer you have been close, the more you have to lose when you open your mouth. --- Deborah TannenWhy so?

1.We don’t realize that communication is inherently ambiguous;2. Conversational styles differ;

3. We expect to be understood if there is love… .Gender-based communication styles:1.rapport --- report2.connection --- status3. problems --- solutions4. listening --- lecturing

5. Intimacy --- independence6. relationship --- information7. Inclusive --- exclusive8. novice --- expert9. community --- contest

Humans are born with different biological sexes, and their culture helps them to be educated into different genders throughthe process of socialization.

Gendered women and men are considered two different branches of subculture. In this sense, cross-gender communicationis a kind of cross-culture communication.Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love:There are eight types of intimate relationships;

Intimate relationships could be analyzed by examining three components:1.Intimacy --- feelings of closeness, sharing, communication, and support;2.Passion --- intense desire to be united with the loved one;

http://www.doczj.com/doc/71dae00a844769eae009ed15.html mitment --- both the short-term decision to love another and thelonger term

commitment to maintain it.

Brown and Levinson’s notion of politeness strategies:

The face-saving view of politeness drives from Brown and Levinson (1978), and it would be no exaggeration to say that it hasbeen most influential in providing a paradigm for linguistic politeness which goes beyond a mere extension of the Griceanmaxims (CP: 数量、质量、关系、⽅式). --- Richard J. WattsBrown and Levinson’s negative and positive politeness strategies:积极礼貌的核⼼：

寻找共同点，表达赞成和赞美，保持亲密关系。消极礼貌的核⼼：

⽤于适当增加距离，表达尊重和给予⾃由，减少冲突，使交流得以顺利进⾏。Functions of Brown and Levinson’s negativeand positive politeness strategies:有意识地应⽤礼貌策略，可以在充分发挥亲密关系作⽤的同时，适当调整距离，减少存在于亲密关系基础中阻碍交流的障碍，提⾼交流的质量。

Mark Twain once said, “I can live for two months on a good compliment.” … Many couples have never learned the

tremendous power of verbally affirming each other. Solomon further noted, “An anxious heart weig hs a man down, but a kindword cheers him up. --- Gary ChapmanSome of the Positive politeness strategies:1.Offering Compliments ;

http://www.doczj.com/doc/71dae00a844769eae009ed15.html ing in-group identity markers;3.Seeking agreement;4.Avoiding disagreement;5.Telling jokes;

6.Im plying knowledge of Hearer’s wants and willingness to fit the wants;7.Offering promises;

8.Being optimistic;

9.Including both sides in the activity;10.Giving or asking for reasons;11.Assuming reciprocity;

12.Giving gifts (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation);Arthur Schopenhauer’s “Hedgehog’s Dilemma”:

Men and women are like hedgehogs coming together for warmth in winter. They will hurt each other if they are too close, butthey will feel cold if too far.

Some of the Negative politeness strategies:1.Asking questions (indirect request);2.Being pessimistic;

3.Minimizing the imposition by using “just, only, a little…”;4.Giving deferene;5.Apologizing;

6.Impersonalizing the Speaker and the Hearer.III. Culture Shock(⽂化休克）

Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused bythe loss of familiar cues from the home culture. (Linell Davis).

● A common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.(Xu Lisheng).

●'Culture shock' is used to describe the emotional rollercoaster that someone experiences

when living in a new country. Anyone that has worked and lived in a foreign country will experience culture shock of somesort.

Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact.Physical and psychological symptoms of culture shock:

Feelings of estrangement, anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness,

sadness, loneliness, homesickness, even physical illness: absent-minded stare, a feeling of helplessness, a desire for

dependence on long-term residents of one’s own nationality, headaches, stomachaches, dizziness, excessive sleepiness…;Views his/her new world out of resentment: being angry at others for notunderstanding him/her, or filled with self-pity.Stage 1 – Excitement ('honeymoon' period)

◆The individual experiences a holiday or 'honeymoon' period with their newsurroundings.◆They:

. Feel very positive about the culture. Are overwhelmed with impressions

. Find the new culture exotic and are fascinated

. Are passive, meaning they have little experience of the cultureStage 2 - Withdrawal

The individual now has some more face to face experience of the culture and starts to find things different, strange andfrustrating.They:

. Find the behaviour of the people unusual and unpredictable. Begin to dislike the culture and react negatively to the behaviour. Feel anxious. Start to withdraw

. Begin to criticize, mock or show animosity to the peopleStage 3 - Adjustment

The individual now has a routine, feels more settled and is more confident in dealing with the new culture.They:

Understand and accept the behaviour of the peopleFeel less isolated

Regains their sense of humorStage 4:

The individual now feels “at home”.They:

Enjoy being in the culture;Functions well in the culture;

Prefer certain cultural traits of the new culture rather than their own;Adopt certain behaviours from the new culture.

Experts agree that culture shock has stages and all agree that once people get beyond the initial and most difficult stages,life in a new country becomes a lot better.IV. Self-concept

Those who know and know that they know ( follow them)Those who know but don't know that they know (enlighten them)Those who don't know and know they don't know (guide them)Those who don't know and don't know they don't know (avoid them)1. Define Self-concept

西⽅最早⽐较系统地研究⾃我概念的⼼理学家是威廉·詹姆⼠（James W 10）。他指出⾃我具有⼆元性, 即存在两类⾃我:主我( I) 与客我(Me) 。“主我”是知者( Knower) , 是⾃我中积极的知觉、思考的部分, “客我”是⾃我中被注意、思考或知觉的客体, 后者就是⾃我概念。在他看来, 主我积极地建构着客我。

Cooley提出了“镜中⾃我”概念。在他看来, ⾃我是与别⼈⾯对⾯互动的产物。别⼈好像⼀⾯镜⼦, ⼀个⼈的⾃我意识是他从别⼈的⼼⾥看到别⼈怎么看他。个⼈想象他⼈对⾃⼰的看法, 并把这些看法内化, 然后整合成⾃我意识。

约瑟夫认为，⾃我概念就是“你对⾃⼰是谁的印象。它是你如何理解你对⾃⼰的优势、弱点、能⼒、局限的感觉和想法。它的发展来⾃别⼈对你持有和表露出来的印象、你在⾃⼰和别⼈之间所进⾏的⽐较、你在种族、民族、性别、和性别⾓⾊等⽅⾯获

得的⽂化经验以及你对⾃⼰的想法和⾏为的评估”

⾃我概念就是⼈们对⾃⼰是谁和是什么的全部态度及信仰的总集合，是⼈们内⼼对⾃⼰所保有的⽐较稳定的画像。⾃我概念是个体对⾃⼰看法的总和, ⼀旦获得了这种对⾃⼰的知觉, 个体就倾向于以与这种感觉相⼀致的⽅式⾏动。2. Develop self-awareness

Self Awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs,motivation, and emotions. It also allows you to understand other people, how they perceive you, your attitude and yourresponses to them in the moment.

Self awareness is the first step in creating what you want and mastering your future. Where you focus your attention, youremotions, reactions, personality and behavior determine where you go in life.

审视Johari Window中的四个⾃我(开放的⾃我、盲⽬的⾃我、隐藏的⾃我、不为⼈知的⾃我)对提升⾃我意识，进⽽增强交流的能⼒很有帮助:

2.1 每个⼈都要认识到有⼏个不同的⾃我存在。

2.2 增加开放的⾃我，可以减少盲⽬和隐藏的⾃我，这样，⾃我意识会得到增加。

2.3 学会同⾃⼰对话，诚实地不断检查⾃⼰，直⾯隐藏的⾃我，避免产⽣不真实的⾃我概念。Self-identity is the awareness of one's unique identity.

Self concept is the mental image or the way that one perceives oneself.

Self identity (⾃我认同，⾃我同⼀性) is when one is aware of and can identify with oneself as a separate and (unique)individual. It states who I am and what I stand for, and what I am committed to whether it be a job or my role in life.V. Intercultural Non-verbal Communication

Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each otherby using language.当来⾃不同⽂化背景的⼈们⽤语⾔进⾏交流时⾔语交际就发⽣了。

Paralanguage(副语⾔)refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place ofspeech and affect the meaning of a message是与⼝语交际有关，指说的速度，⾳⾼，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语⾔并影响信息的语意表达.

时间⾏为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究⼈们如何看待和使⽤时间。

时空⾏为：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.指对空间的认知和使⽤时空进⾏沟通，包括地盘性和个⼈空间。

⽬光语：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究⽬光传递的交流信息。⽓味⾏为Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道进⾏交流的研究。触觉⾏为Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过⾝体接触来进⾏交流。

⾝势语⾏为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facialexpressions, gestures, posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交际时所使⽤的不同类型的动作，包括表情，⼿势，姿势，和其他代替语⾔传达信息的⾏为举⽌。

⾊彩学Chromatics: r efers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影响你的情绪，情感和对他⼈的印象的颜⾊的研究。

移情Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people’s points of view能够以他⼈的观点看待和感受事情。⾮语⾔交际与语⾔交际在五个⽅⾯存在区别：

⾸先，语⾔交际遵循语法规则，具有严谨的结构，⽽⾮语⾔交际却没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构，⾮语⾔交际⾏为往往需要综合分析周围的情况才能确定。第⼆，语⾔交际使⽤特定的符号，⽽⾮语⾔交际却没有⼀套具有明确意义的符号。

第三，语⾔交际在讲话的时候进⾏，在停⽌讲话的时候中断，时断时停，是⾮连续性的。⾮语⾔交际是连续不断的。第四，语⾔是后天习得的，⽽不是⽣⽽知之。⾮语⾔交际的⼿段⼀部分是⼈类的本能，有些是后天习得的。

最后，从神经⽣理学的⾓度看，在从事语⾔交际时⼤脑的左半球在进⾏⼯作，负责处理语⾔刺激，作信息分析和推理。⽽⾮语⾔交际由⼤脑右半球处理。

⾮语⾔交际通常与语⾔交际结合进⾏，在不同的情况下起着不同的作⽤，⼤致上起补充、否定、重复、调节、替代或强调的作⽤。⼀般来说，在语⾔交际和⾮语⾔交际传达的信息冲突时，⼈们倾向于相信后者。眼神

⼥性⽐男性更多地注视对⽅，因为妇⼥⽐男⼈更重视⼈际关系，更重视⼈们之间的感情交流。眼神还对话轮转换起调节的作⽤。⼿势

同⼀⼿势在不同的⽂化中却可以表⽰并不相同的意义。即使在同⼀民族中，由于地区习俗的不同，同⼀⼿势也可能会具有不同意义。有些⼿势是某⼀⽂化所特有的，也有跨越⽂化的⼿势。⾝势

总的来说，南欧、中东、拉丁美洲地区的⼈们讲话时动作较多，动作幅度也很⼤；北欧、英美⼈动作较少，幅度也较⼩。中国、⽇本、朝鲜⼈也属于动作较少、幅度较⼩这⼀类。上课坐姿，中国强调集体、纪律、合作，美国强调个⼈、⾃由、发展⾃我，⽆拘⽆束的⾃由讨论。姿势与地位的⾼低有⼀定的联系。姿势与性别也有着密切的关系。服饰

三项功能：舒适、保护遮盖与⽂化真是。它作为⽂化标志的作⽤愈来愈⼤。

在现代社会中，⾐着象征⾝份地位，或表明职业。场合与服装的要求有着密切的关系。触摸

触摸分为五类：功能、社交、友爱、情爱、情欲。

⽂化可划分为“接触性⽂化”（⽓候暖和的国家）与“低接触⽂化”（⽓候寒冷的国家）。英美⼈对于⾝体接触⼗分敏感，通常都极⼒避免。泰国孩⼦的头绝对不能抚摸。西⽅国家，拥抱是⼀种礼仪，接吻也只是⾯颊触碰⼀下。中国教师在美国感到最难适应的是体触、接吻、拥抱。Intercultural

Non-verbal Communication

●There is no 'international language' of gestures. Instead, cultures have developedsystems of unique gestures;

●It is almost never possible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from anotherculture.

Nonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form.More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!

⾮⾔语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产⽣的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有刺激，简单地说就是”不⽤语⾔的交际”，被称作”⽆声的语⾔”。⾮语⾔交际在⼈类交际中⾮常重要。因为它最能反映⼀个⼈的情感或情绪状态。

它指⼀个⼈（或多个⼈）不利⽤⾔语形式或只利⽤副语⾔形式所传达的信息被另⼀个⼈（或多个⼈）接收的交际⾏为。Overview of Nonverbal Communication1.Body Language

General appearance and dressGestures

Eye contactFacial expressionPostureTouching2. ParalanguageSilencePitchVolumn

3.Environment LanguageSpaceTime

毕继万认为⾮语⾔交际可分为：

●体态语（body language，包括各种表情、动作、姿态）●副语⾔（paralanguage，包括沉默与⾮语义声⾳）

●客体语（object language，包括⽪肤颜⾊、⽓味、⾐着化妆、家具等）

●环境语⾔（environmental language，包括时间，空间、颜⾊、城市规划以及⼈对⾃然的影响等，即影响⽣理与⼼理的环境因素）。Paralanguage (伴随语⾔)

●It refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities.

●Paralinguistics is the study of such non-semantic aspects of speech as tone, volume, pitchand tempo, pause and the like which are together with verbal information.

●Our voice may be one of the most informative elements in building up our images.(1) Pitch(⾳⾼)

Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis.

When one is excited, his/her voice would be high in pitch, quick in rate, and there will be no pauses between sentences;When one is sad or depressed, his/her voice traits would surely be the opposite. (2) Volume Control

The English always speak in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture, or talking with each other, orphoning. But Chinese often speak in loud voice inthe aforesaid occasions.

Americans are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very many different volume levels depending on thesize of the audience and the physical environment.(3) Silence

Silence can be longer between friends or intimates than the strangers who have to converse.

Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking, and think that the pauses and silence have richmeanings.

Silence may have many possible meanings: agreement--disagreement, thoughtful--ignorance, consideration--inconsideration, secrecy, coldness, submission, boredom etc..

Environment Language(1) Space

a. Territoriality（领域性）b. Personal Space

North Americans’ distance habit

●0~50cm: intimate lovers and family members●>50~120cm: friends (personal distance)●>120~270cm: acquaintances (social distance)●>270cm: public space, not belong to oneself●Behind: strangers speaking from behind areallowed to stand much more nearer.VI．H ofstede’s Cultural Dimensions1.Individualism vs. Collectivism2.Masculinity vs. Femininity3.Uncertainty Avoidance4.Long Term Orientation5.Power Distance

1.Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualist societies: ties are loose and everyone looks out for himself or herself

Collectivist societies: people integrated into strong, cohesive groups; protection is exchanged for loyalty2.Masculinity vs. Femininity

Masculine societies: social gender roles are distinct (men focus on material success; women on quality of life)Feminine societies: social gender roles overlap (both quality of life)3.Uncertainty Avoidance

“…the extent to which the members of a culture f eel threatened by uncertain orunknown situations.”

4. Long term orientation ：Confucian Dynamism（推动）The ‘newest’ dimension

Truth vs. Virtue: What one believes vs. What one does5. Power Distance Index权利距离指数(PDI)

The extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributedunequally.⽤来表⽰⼈们对组织中权⼒分配不平等状况的接受程度。权⼒距离有⼤⼩之分，它的⼤⼩可以⽤指数PDI（powerdistance index）来表⽰。

可根据上级决策的⽅式（民主还是)、上下级发⽣冲突时下级的恐惧⼼理等因素来确定权⼒距离指数的概念。Features of PDI：

High power distance culture：

◆It’s acceptable for a supervisor to display his authority;◆Superiors rarely give their subordinates important work;

◆If something goes wrong, the subordinates are usually blamed for not doing their properjob;

◆Managers rarely interact or socialize with worker;◆Teachers are treated respectfully;

◆Local politics are prone to totalitarianism; Revolutions are , were commonLow power distance culture：

◆Supervisors are expected to treat employees respectfully;

◆Subordinates may do important work, thus having the chance to get promoted quickly;◆If something goes wrong, the superior is usually blamed by giving unrealisticexpectations or being too strict

◆Managers socialize and interact with workers more often;◆Teachers are simply employees;◆Totalitarianism and revolutions are rare.参考书⽬

←Larry Samovar, Communication Between Cultures←胡⽂仲《跨⽂化交际学概论》←许⼒⽣《跨⽂化交际英语教程》←贾⽟新《跨⽂化交际学》

←邓炎昌、刘润清《语⾔与⽂化---英汉语⾔⽂化对⽐》