【英语】高一英语阅读理解(科普环保)真题汇编(含答案)及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

While every dog owner knows their dogs can read their moods perfectly, scientists have always been a little doubtful. Now thanks to some researchers at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, Austria, we finally have some convincing evidence.

For their study, biologist Corson Miller and his team exposes eleven selected dogs to digital images of women that were either angry or happy. Half the dogs were rewarded for touching the screen when shown a happy face, while the other half got their treat for selecting those that appeared angry.

Interestingly, the dogs were not provided with the entire face. Some dogs were shown only upper halves while the others observed lower halves. That's because the scientists believe humans show their emotions on their entire face. After some training like how to recognize small differences like the wrinkles between the eyes or the changes in their shape that accompany the happy or angry expressions, the dogs were mostly able to identify the correct expression not only on a familiar face but on a strange face. The researchers concluded the dogs were smart enough to read human emotions.

They also found those being trained to read angry expressions took a longer time to learn. They guess it may be because dogs find angry faces disgusting, causing them to withdraw quickly. However, once the smart dogs realized they were getting rewarded, the trepidation seemed to disappear. In fact, the dogs had such a good time playing the computer \"game\" That scientists had a hard time keeping them away from the touch screens after the study was completed. The researchers also noticed only dogs with a male owner had a harder time understanding the expressions correctly. Since the touch-screen models were all females, this confirmed what has been observed in previous studies dogs are more efficient at reading facial expressions of people that are the same gender as their owner.

（1） How did the scientists conduct the experiment?

A. By leaving dogs to women who are either happy or angry. B. By mixing the selected dogs together.

C. By rewarding only half of the dogs touching the screen

D. By showing digital pictures of women's happy or angry faces.

（2） The underlined word \"trepidation\" in Paragraph 5 probably means _____ . A. fear and hesitation B. curiosity and eagerness C. excitement and happiness D. doubt and sadness

（3） According to the last paragraph, dogs with female owners ______ .

A. are fond of the male faces

B. are uninterested in telling the emotions on the entire faces C. have difficulty telling the moods on the faces of males D. can only recognize emotions of females

（4） What is the best title for this passage?

A. Mood Changes Influence Dogs B. Dogs Identify the Moods

C. dogs and Their Owners

D. Dog's Mood Research 【答案】 （ 1）D

（2）A （3）C （4）B

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最新的实验发现，即狗能够识别人的面部表情的变 化。

（ 1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的 \"For their study biologist Corson Miller and his team exposed eleven selected

dogs to digital images of women that were either angry or happy.\"

可

知，实验人员通过屏幕向这些狗展示了一组女性面部表情的照片，这些表情中既有快乐 的，也有愤怒的。故选 D。 （ 2）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的 \"They guess it may be because dogs find angry faces disgusting, causing them

to withdraw quickly\" 以及 \"However\" 可知，与前面意思相反，以及划 线词后的 \"disappear\" 可知 \"once the smart dogs realized they were getting rewarded, the trepidation seemed to disappear. 此句为，⋯狗\"看到生气的表情后会感到

厌恶，并由此退缩， 但是一旦聪明的狗意识到会有奖励之后，它们的恐惧以及退缩就会消失。由此可判断出 A 符合题意，故选 A。

（ 3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 \" this confirmed what had been observed in

previous studies ― dogasr e more efficient at reading facial expressions of people that are the same gender as their owner\" 可知，狗擅长辨别与自己主人性别相同的人的表情，由此推 断，让主人是女性的狗来辨别男性面部表情的图

片是比较困难的。故选 C。

（ 4）考查主旨大意。第一段提出文章的主旨即 “每个狗的主人都知道他们的狗狗能很好地

读懂他们的情绪，但科学家们一直有点怀疑。现在，有证据表明这是正确的 ”，接着在下文 用硬实证明了这一点。因此本文的最好的题目就是 “狗能识别人的情绪 ”。故选 B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一 篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行 分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

Slowly but surely we're moving closer and closer to 5G world. From smart-home security to self-driving cars, all the internet-connected devices in your life will be able to talk to each other at lightning-fast speeds with reduced delay, Objectively speaking, the fastest 4G download speeds in the U. S. top out at an average of 19.42 Mbps. But by comparison 5G promises gigabit （千兆 ） speeds.

“ 5G is one of those signs, along with artificial intelligence, of this coming data age,

Koenig, senior director of market research for the Consumer Technology Association. -

“ The

driving vehicle is a great emblem of this data age, and that is to say, it is a sign of time, because with one single task, driving, you have massive amounts of data coming from the vehicle itself, and a variety of sensors are collecting a lot of information to model its environment as it moves. It's pulling in data from other vehicles about road conditions down the lane. It could be weather information, but also connected infrastructure （ 基础设施 ） construction. There's lots of data behind that task, which is why we need high speed.

Augmented reality glasses and virtual headset haven't yet broken the mainstream, but tech companies are joyfully betting that these devices will eventually replace our smartphones. With 5G, that could actually happen. This is notable because companies such as Apple are reportedly developing AR glasses to assist — or perhaps even replace — smartphones.

Ericsson stated at February's Mobile World Congress how smart glasses could become faster and lighter with a 5G connection, because instead of being weighed down with components, the glasses could rely on hardware for processing power.

But don't get too excited. There's still a lot of work to be done in the meantime, including various trials to make sure the radios play nicely with hardware and infrastructure construction so 5G isn't concentrated only in big cities.

（1） What does the author want to stress in Paragraph 1?

A. The lighting-fast speed of 5G. B. The expectation of 5G world. C. The difference between 4G and 5G. D. The internet-connected devices in our life.

（2） What does the underlined word \"emblem\" in Paragraph 2 mean?

A. Exhibition.

B. Success.

C . Symbol.

D . Explanation.

（3） We can infer from the text that _____ .

A. 5G world won't come without AR glasses

B. 5G helps to create the artificial intelligence vehicle C. Apple company is developing AR glasses worldwide

D. Tech companies will face the fact that smartphones may be replaced

（4） What will the author probably tell us next?

A. How to fully expand 5G coverage.

B. Smart glasses will become faster and lighter. C. Why 5G isn't concentrated in big cities. D. The importance of infrastructure construction.

【答案】 （ 1）A （2）C （3）D （4）A

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了我们离 5G 世界越来越近了。

（ 1）考查段落大意。根据第一段中的 “ Slowly ubt surely, we're moving closer and closer to 5G world. 缓”慢但肯定的是，我们离 5G 世界越来越近了。可知，作者在第一段想强调 快。 ”故选 A。

（ 2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的 “and that is to say, it is a sign of tim 也就是说，这是时” 间的标志， ”可知，划线词的意思是 “标志，象征”。故选 C。

（ 3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的 “ Thisis notable because companies such as Apple are reportedly developing

AR glasses to assist — or perhaps even replace — smartphones. 这”一点值 得注意，因为据报道，苹果 （Apple）

“ 5G光速

等公司正在开发增强现实眼镜，以帮助 ——甚至取代— —智能手机。 ”可 知，我们可以从文中推断，科技公司将面临智能手机可能被取代的事实。 故选 D。

（ 4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 “But don't get too excited. There's still a lot of work to be done in the

meantime, including various trials to make sure the radios play nicely with hardware and infrastructure construction so 5G isn't concentrated only in big cities.

但是不要太

激动。与此同时，仍有很多工作要做，包括各种试验，以确保收音机能很好地配合硬件和 基础设施建设，这样 5G

就不会只集中在大城市。 ”可知，作者接下来可能会告诉我们 “如何 全面扩大 5G 覆盖。 ”故选 A。 【点评】本题考点涉及段落大意，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅 读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答 案。

3．犇犇阅读理解

News anchors（主播 ） must have been reluctant to read out the following news: Xin Xiaomeng began working as the world's first female artificial（人工的 ） intelligence news anchor at Xinhua News Agency on Sunday, three months after a male robot joined the profession.

Unlike previous news robots though, Xin does not read news like a cold machine; she reads it almost like a human being. The muscles on her face stretch and relax-and her reactions change-as she continues reading. That's why many news anchors were worried: Will AI replace us in the near future?

To find the answer, we have to analyse the technologies that support Xin at her job. Three key technologies are used to

support Xin. First, samples of human voices are collected and synthesized （合成）. This is followed by the collection and synthesis of human muscle movement samples. And third the voices and movements are married in a way that when the Al news anchor reads, the micro -electric motors behind her face move to make her expressions seem more human. Yet we need a thorough knowledge of deep leaning technology to make a robot imitate a person's voice. The developer needs to collect tens of thousands of pieces of pronunciations, input them into the machine and match them with the text or the Al to lean and read. The process for imitating facial movements is similar. The developer has to analyse the

movements of the 53 muscles in the human face, make a model set from the collected data for the AI news anchor to lean, and imitate the movements of facial muscles via programs

Both the technologies used to make Xin's performance impressive are mature. The real difficulty lies in the third -the technology to match the pronunciations with facial movements so that Xin expressions vary according to the content of the news report. In fact, Xins expressions don't always change according to the content. As a result, her expressions look anything but human. Actually. AI is still no match for human qualities.

（1） What does the underlined word \"reluctant \"in the first paragraph mean?

A. Delighted. B. Unwilling. C. Confused. （2） What can we infer about previous news robots? A. They read news without expressions. B. They looked like a human being C. They could interview sports stars D. They could interact with audience.

D . Optimistic.

（3） What do we know about the third technology?

A. This technology is very perfect so far B. This technology is quite popular now

C. This technology remains at the theoretical stage D. This technology is far from mature.

（4） From the last paragraph, we can draw a conclusion that _ .

A. human news anchors should learn from AT anchors to save their jobs B. Al anchors perform much better than human news anchors at present C. Al news anchors won't replace human news anchors in the near future D. Xin Xiaomeng s expressions vary so naturally that they are true to life

【答案】 （ 1）B （2）A （3）D （4）C

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，上周日，新华社新闻主播辛晓萌成为世界上第一位 女性人工智能新闻主播，作者介绍了人工智能背后的技术，并指出在不久的将来，人工智 能新闻主播不会取代人类新闻主播。 （ 1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的 \"Xin Xiaomeng began working as the world's first female artificial（ 人工的 ）

intelligence news anchor at Xinhua News Agency on Sunday\" 及第二段中的 \"That's why many news anchors were worried: Will AI replace us in the near future?\" 可知，担心 将来自己的工作会被人工智能取代的新闻主播一定不愿意透

露下面这个消息：上周日，新 华社新闻主播辛晓萌成为世界上第一位女性人工智能新闻主播，由此可知画线词词义为

愿意的 \"，故选 B。

（ 2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的 \"Unlike previous news robots though, Xin does not read news like a cold

machine; she reads it almost like a human being. The muscles on her face stretch and relax-and her reactions change-as she continues reading.\" 可知，与以前的机器人主播不同 的是，辛晓萌读起来不像一台冷冰冰的机器，就像是一个活

\" 不

生生的人，她读新闻的时候脸 上的肌肉能够伸展和放松，面部反应也发生了变化，由此可知，以前的机器人主播读新闻 时面无表情，故选 A。

（ 3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 \"The real difficulty lies in the third -the technology to match the pronunciations

with facial movements so that Xin expressions vary according to the content of the news report. In fact, Xins expressions don' t always change according to the content. As a result, her expressions look anything but human.\" 可知，真正的难点

在于第三技 术，使辛晓萌的面部表情根据新闻报道的内容而变化，事实上，辛晓萌的表情不总是随着 内容而变化，她的表情一点也不像人类，由此可知，第三技术还远远不够成熟，故选

D。

（ 4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 \"Actually. AI is still no match for human qualities.\" 可 知，人工智能仍无法与人类素质相匹敌，由此可知，在不久的将来，人工智能新闻主播不 会取代人类新闻主播，故选 C。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需 要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇阅读理解

You know those nutrition guidelines the government issues every few years? It turns out that following them isn't just good for your health. It's good for the planet, too.

\" What we found is that impacts vary across nations, but in the high- impact nations, in general, you can see that, if you follow a nationally recommended diet, despite the fact that these diets don't mention explicitly —or most of them don't explicitly mention —environmental impacts, that you are going to have lower environmental impacts due to that. So that's sort of fairly clear across all the high- income nations.\" said Paul Behrens, an environmental scientist at Leiden University in the Netherlands.

The food we eat takes a big toll on the environment. A third of the ice- free land on Earth is

used for agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human- caused greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer runoff also leads to other problems, like the algae blooms in Lake Eerie and the Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico.

However, following dietary guidelines would reduce those impacts, especially in wealthy countries like the US. \"Most of the reductions come from meat and dairy,\" which have an outsized impact on land use and pollution, and are a major source of greenhouse gases.（That's partly due to cow farts. Seriously.） Following the suggestions would also mean eating fewer calories, since many people here eat more than they need.

Overall, in high- income countries, Behren's team estimates that following the rules could result in as much as a 17

percent reduction in land use, a 21 percent reduction in nutrient pollution, and a 25 percent drop in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Cutting down on how much food we waste —which is roughly a third in the US— could help even more. The results are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Of course, people are notoriously bad at following diets. But: \"These nationally recommended guidelines do actually have a knock- on effect on other areas of policy making. So if I'm developing a new healthy- eating- for- schools program then that's going to be based off a lot of detail that I get from the nationally recommended guidelines. So while it might not necessarily be the case that people follow directly ⋯they actually are quite influent ial on the preparation of other advice.\" It seems that a smaller environmental footprint and a healthier lifestyle could go hand in hand.

（1） Which of the following statement will Paul Behrens approve of?

A. Following a nationally recommended diet can have similar impacts in different countries. B. Following a nationally recommended diet can do good to our health. C. Not all the countries have recommended diets in an explicit manner.

D. Some high-income nations don't mention the diet explicitly for its impacts can be ignored.

（2） What do the underlined words \" takes a big toll on\" in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. shows signs of B. has a bad effect on C. takes full advantage of

D. makes up for

（3） Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Food production can lead to about 20 percent of human- caused greenhouse gas with only a third of the ice- free land used.

B. It is estimated that following dietary guidelines can lead to decrease in more land use than in nutrient pollution. C. Paul Behrens' new program concerning healthy eating for schools is likely to be based on national nutrition guidelines. D. Some wealthy countries tend to reduce meat and dairy though the other areas of policy making isn't effected much.

【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）A

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了营养指南对地球也有利。通过膳食指南，似 乎可以减轻对环境的伤害，人类自己也可以过上健康的生活，二者可以兼得。

（ 1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的 \" What we found is that impacts vary across nations, but in the high- impact

nations, in general, you can see that, if you follow a nationally recommended diet, despite the fact that these diets don't mention explicitly

—or most of them

don't explicitly mention —environmental impacts, that you are going to have lower environmental impacts due to that. ”我

们发现（营养膳食指南的）影响因国家而异，但总的来说，在影响 力较大的国家，如果你遵循国家推荐的膳食指

南，即使这些膳食并未明晰对环境的影响， 或者大多数膳食没有明确说明这一点，但是你对环境的影响会因为遵循指南而减轻。由此 推断出 \" 并非所有国家都以明确的方式推荐饮食 \" ，这个观点 Paul Behrens 会赞成，故选 C。 （ 2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的 “At hird of the ice-free land on Earth is used for

gas emissions. Fertilizer runoff also leads to other problems, like the algae blooms in Lake Eerie and the Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico. 地球上三分之一的无”冰区 被用于农业生产，根据一些估算，食物生产大约占到了人类造成的温室

agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human- caused greenhouse

气体排放量的五分 之一。肥料径流也导致了其他问题，例如伊利湖的藻类爆发以及墨西哥湾的死亡区域。由 此推断出划线词所在的句子意思是我们所吃的食物给环境带来了巨大代价。 takes a big toll on 固定短语， “付出了巨大的代价 ”，故选 B。

（ 3 ）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的 “ At hird of the ice-free land on Earth is used for

agriculture, and according to some estimates, producing food accounts for roughly a fifth of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. 地球上三”分之一的无冰区被用于农业生产，根据一 些估算，食物生产大约占到了人类造成的温室

气体排放量的五分之一。由此可知。 A 选项 的描述 \" 粮食生产可导致约 20%的人为造成的温室气体，而只使用了三分之一的无冰土地 正确，故选 A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅 读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

\"

5．犇犇阅读理解

Hacking isn't just for computers and smartphones, According to a study published last week in the journal Science, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world.

Photosynthesis （光合作用） is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists who conducted the new study say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of the energy available to therm. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent.

\"Specifically, scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system is activated when a plant gets too much sunlight, \"said scientist Krishna Niyogi, co-author of the study. When the plant senses the light, it gets rid of extra energy and creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off, but the process is slow. Stephen Long is the lead author of the study. He compared a plant's protective system to lightadjusting glasses. When

a person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses （镜片） darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is.

Plants do the same thing, he said. But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. This makes it hard for plants to get the right amount of sunlight needed to create food.

The new study sped up the process. By changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth in two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they think the genetic changes will produce the same results in corn and rice.

（1） What will happen to the plants when scientists change plants' genes ？

A. They will become weaker and weaker. C. They will have more beautiful flowers.

B. They will grow fast to produce more food. D. They will depend less on sunlight.

（2） Why does the author mention light-adjusting glasses ？

A. To warn people of the hot and bright sun.

B. To explain the principle of plants' protective system. C. To help leaves of the plants absorb sunlight. D. To serve the science experiment smoothly.

（3）In the future, the genetic changes will be used to.

A. improve tobacco plants' quality

B. increase tobacco plants' leaves and roots

C. improve the flowers' living time D. increase the production of corn and rice （4） Which of the following can be the theme of this text ？ A. Hacking plants for more production C. Double production of tobacco plants

B. Leaf growing more quickly D. Photosynthesis and production

【答案】 （1）B （2）B （3）D （4）A

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家通过改变植物的基因，加快光合作用的速 度，使植物叶子生长迅速，从而提高植物产量。

（ 1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的 “ scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use

sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world. 可知，科”学

家发现改变植物基因会使植物的光合作用速度 加快，将来会增加全球植物的产量。故选 B。

person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses （镜片） darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is. Plants do the same thing, he said. But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. 可知，作

（ 2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的 “ He compared a plant's protective system to light - adjusting glasses. When a

者提到镜”片是为了说 明植物的保护系统的工作原理与镜片相同。故选 B。

（ 3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的 “ But they think the genetic changes will pr oduce the

same results in corn and rice. 但是他们认”为基因的改变将在玉米和水稻中产生相同的结果。 可知选 D。

（ 4）考查主旨大意，根据文章内容可知，科学家改变植物的基因，加快光合作用的速 度，使植物叶子生长迅速，从而提高植物产量。故选

A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅 读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推 理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．犇犇阅读理解

Wolves strike fear into the hearts of many species, humans included. Our fear of them has brought them to the edge of dying out, as we have cruelly killed them as competitors and trouble-makers. But researchers are discovering that the very fear they put into

prey （被捕食

者） species is exactly what helps make ecosystems（生态） healthy.

Yellowstone National Park is a typical example of just how wolves can help repair an ecosystem. An October 2018 study analyzed 40 years of research on large animals inside the park.

\"Yellowstone has benefited from the reintroduction of wolves in ways that we did not anticipate, especially the

complexity of biological interactions （互动） in the park,\" explained Mark Boyce, a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences.\" We were really surprised at that and we'd never have seen these responses if the park hadn't adopted ecological-process management — allowing natural ecological processes to take place with least human intervention.\"

After the wolves were re-introduced at Yellowstone, willow and cottonwood trees increased in number. The population of bears and bison also rose and what was once a ruling deer-wolf interaction is now more diverse.

To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy. In this documentary, biologist Aaron Wirsing explored why wolves and other top predators （捕食者） were needed for diverse ecosystems to develop. Using a simple video camera, Wirsing is gaining a unique view point on predator-prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.

The research is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem. The fear they bring along may be the very angle that helps save them from dying out.

（1） What does the underlined word \"anticipate\" in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. Expect.

B . Understand.

C . Notice.

D . Accept.

（2） For what purpose was a documentary made?

A. To introduce how wolves behave in the wild. B. To show how wolves benefit from ecosystems. C. To record how Aaron Wirsing observed wolves. D. To study what good wolves can do to ecosystems.

（3） What is the significance of the research?

A. It proves wolves feed on hundreds of species. B. It helps prove the importance of protecting wolves. C. It shows the complex relationships between species. D. It provides evidence that wolves are endangered animals.

（4） What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The fear of wolves is beneficial to ecosystems. B. The fear of wolves put them in danger of disappearing.

C. Yellowstone National Park owes its healthy ecosystems to wolves. D. The introduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is a success.

【答案】 （ 1）A （2）D （3）B （4）A

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健 康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，其中黄石公园灰狼的引进就是一个典型的例子。

（ 1）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的 \"We were really surprised at that\" 可知，黄石公园在意 想不到的方面从重新引入狼中获益。故选 A。

（ 2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的 “ To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary

from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy. 可知，拍 摄纪录片的目的是了解狼是如何对生态有益的。故选

D。

（ 3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的 “ The research is one more piece of evidence for wh y

ecosystem. 可知，这项研”究再次证明了为什么保护这些食肉动物 不仅对狼这个物种很重要，而且对生态系统的各

protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an

个层面的物种都很重要。故这项研究的意 义在于它有助于证明保护狼的重要性。故选 B。

（4）考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述了人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的 生态系统是有益的，因为食草动物不会过度繁殖，从而保护了植物的生长。故选

A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅 读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推 理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

NASA has a new job listing, and it's no joke. The US space agency is looking for a \"joker\" to join their planned mission to Mars.

A mission to Mars is no laughing matter. On average, the red planet is 140 million miles （225 million kilometers）

away from Earth. A trip there would take around eight months in a small spacecraft. And Mars has a communications delay of 20 minutes. This means that astronauts will have to wait 20 minutes for a reply, when an emergency happens. \"When you're living with others in a confined space for a long period of time, such as on a mission to Mars, problems are likely to occur,\" Jeffrey Johnson, a scientist at the University of Florida, told The Guardian.

This is probably why NASA wants an astronaut with a sense of humor. \"These are people that have the ability to pull everyone together,\" Johnson said.

In stressful situations, perhaps humor is a way to know we aren't alone. By laughing together, we share our stress. Then we can focus on our jobs instead of just worrying.

There are other examples of team \"clowns\". One example is the journey to the South Pole led by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. It was a difficult journey full of danger. Adolf Lindstrom, a cook at Amundsen's team, was a \"clown\". He team.

But if you're hoping that your favorite TV comedian will fly to Mars, that probably won't happen. \"Being funny won't be enough to land somebody the job,\" Johnson said. \"They also need to be an excellent engineer.\"

Besides, they must be in top physical condition.

made people laugh through the whole journey. Amundsen later wrote that Lindstrom was the most valuable member of the

（1） What is NASA's new job listing?

A. A funny engineer.

B. A talented clown.

C. A good cook. D. A popular comedian.

2） What does \"a confined space\" in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. a full space B. an empty space C. an open space （3） How does the author think humor can help astronauts?

D . a small space.

A. It can stop them from feeling bored. mission.

C. It can make them feel less homesick. D. It can help them know themselves B. It can promote teamwork on a better.

（4） What's the author's purpose of giving the example of the cook?

A. To tell us that what explorers eat on their journey is very important.

B. To prove that an amateur can play a more important role than a professional. C. To make the point that humorous people can cheer people up in difficult situations. D. To reveal that a mission to Mars is more difficult than a journey to the South Pole.

【答案】 （ 1）A （2）D （3）B （4）C

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，由美国宇航局寻找一位幽默的工程师来和宇航员一 起执行航天任务介绍了幽默对宇航员的重要作用。

（ 1）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的 “‘ Being funny won't be enough to land somebody

the job, ' Johnson said.

‘ They also need to be an excellent可 en知g，ine美er国. 宇航

局的新工作'”

是幽默的工程师，故选 A。

（ 2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的 “ such as on a mission to Mars, 可知，与在”地球上生 活的宽广空间不同，在火星任务中，你需要和其他人一起在狭小的航天器内生活很长一段 时间，由此可知画线词词义为 “狭小的空间、有限的空间 ”，故选 D。

（ 3 ）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的 “ Thesea re. people that have the ability to pull

everyone together, 可”知，幽默的人有能力把每个人都团结在一起，也就是说幽默能够促进 宇航

员在任务中的团队合作，故选 B。

（ 4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的 “ In stressful situations, perhaps humor is a way to know

we aren't alone. By laughing together, we share our stress. 可知，在压力大的情”况下，幽默是 一

种减压的方式，第六段第一句话又说有很多团队小丑的例子，紧接着举厨师的例子就是 为了证明这一点，即：幽默的人能使人在困难的情况下振作起来，故选

C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅 读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选 出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

An experimental cleanup device called RemoveDEBRIShas successfully cast a net around a dummy （仿真的 ） satellite, imitating a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage. The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.

Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit the result of 50 years of space travel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a satellite can cause critical damage.

Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area.

The RemoveDEBRIS experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the U. K.'s Surrey Space Center and includes Airbus, Airbus-owned Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and France's ArianeGroup.

Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Center, said that an operational version of the RemoveDEBRlStechnology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long.

The RemoveDEBRISsatellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation features that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris.

Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said the success of this week's experiment was exciting, but he cautioned against \"over- publicizing\" it. There are still enormous barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks are underway, he said, and the most discouraging is figuring out how to fund such projects.

Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDEBRISp roject, said \"The challenge will lie in persuading the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks.\" Aglietti said he hopes

RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of junk in the most crowded orbits.

（1） What is the use of the RemoveDEBRIS satellite?

A. Demonstrating space technology. C. Collecting wastes existing in space.

B. Imitating a developing technique. D. Symbolizing great progress in space.

（2） How does the RemoveDEBRlSs atellite work?

A. By throwing a net to take the junk from orbit. B. By fastening it to the main satellite tightly. C. By dragging satellites up to 10 meters long. D. By targeting large pieces of junk carefully.

（3） What does the underlined word \"sponsor\" in the last paragraph probably mean?

A. Accomplish.

B. Support. C. Oppose.

D . Provide.

（4） What's the best title for the text?

A. The RemoveDEBRISP roject Is Perfect B. How RemoveDEBRISIs Invented in the Lab C. Why the RemoveDEBRISS atellite Is Invented D. Satellite Collects Space Junk for the First Time

【答案】 （ 1）C （2）A （3）B （4）D

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了 “卫星首次收集太空垃圾。 ”一种名为 “清除碎 片”的实验清理设备成功地在一颗虚拟卫星周围撒网，模仿一种有朝一日可能收集太空垃圾 的技术。

（ 1 ）考查细节理解。根据第一段中 “ ...,imitating a technique that could one day collect

spaceborne garbage. 模”仿一种有一天可以收集太空垃圾的技术。可知， the RemoveDEBRIS 卫

星的用途是收集太空中存在的废物。故选 C。

（2）考查 推理 判断。 根据第 六段中 的“ ...,saidt hat an operational version of the

RemoveDEBRlStechnology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long. 该“公司表示，一种操作性版本的

RemoveDEBRlS技术将会在主卫星上撒

网，这样碎片就可以被拖出轨道。它可以瞄准大块的垃圾，包括长达 10 米的报废卫星。 ” 可知， RemoveDEBRlS卫星是通过撒网把垃圾带离轨道。故选 A。

（ 3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的 ”Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a

few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of junk in the most crowded orbits. “ Agli说ett，i 他希望清理碎片的工作每年能进行几次，目标是最拥挤轨道上最大的垃 圾碎片。可知，

“挑战在于说服有关当局赞助这些任务。 ”可知，划线词的意思是 “支持 ”。 故选 B。 （ 4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的 ” Thet est, which was carried out this week, is widely

believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space. 专“家

告诉 CNN，本周进行的这次测试被广泛认为是太空清洁技术的首次成功演示。 它象征着解决太空垃圾这一关键问题的第一步。可知，本文主题是 “卫星首次收集太空垃 圾”。故选 D。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一 篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行 分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

It's common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out wrong.

A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle that's 15.4 degrees off to the observer's right- well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, \"She's not looking at you.\" This is somewhat ironic, because the entire phenomenon of a person's gaze （凝

视 ） in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the \"Mona Lisa

effect\" . That effect is absolutely real, Horstmann said. If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at. As long as the angle of the person's gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.

This is important for human interaction with on-screen characters. If you want someone off to the right side of a room to feel that a person on-screen is looking at him or her, you don't cut the gaze of the character to that side-surprisingly, doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn't looking at anyone in the room at all. Instead, you keep the gaze straight ahead.

Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars（ 虚拟头像 ） when Horstmann took a long look at the \"Mona Lisa\" and realized she wasn't looking at him.

To make sure it wasn't just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the \"Mona Lisa\" on a computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected Mona Lisa's gaze. To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa's gaze as she looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the \"Mona Lisa\" portrait was not looking straight at them, but slightly off to their right.

So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn't sure. It's possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first coined the term \"Mona Lisa effect\" just thought it was a cool name.

（1） It is generally believed that the woman in the painting \"Mona Lisa\" .

A. attracts the viewers to look back B. seems mysterious because of her eyes

C. fixes her eyes on the back of the viewers D. looks at the viewers wherever they stand 2） What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect?

D.

（3） The experiment involving 24 people was conducted to A. confirm Horstmann's belief

B. create artificial-intelligence avatars C. calculate the angle of Mona Lisa's gaze D. explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied

（4） What can we learn from the passage?

A. Horstmann thinks it's cool to coin the term \"Mona Lisa effect\".

B. The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence. C. Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention. D. The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers' judgement.

【答案】 （ 1）D （2）B （3）A （4）C

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，众所周知列奥纳多 ·达 ·芬奇最著名的画作中的女人，

无论站在房间的哪个角落，似乎都会回头看着观察者，用她的眼睛跟随他们。一项新研究 发现这一常识是错误的，研究发现人们有被蒙娜丽莎凝视的感觉可能是因为人们渴望被关 注。

（ 1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的 “ It'sc ommon knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci's most famous

painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. ”众所周

知，列奥纳多 ·达·芬奇最著名的画作中的女 人，无论站在房间的哪个角落，似乎都会回头看着观察者，用她的眼睛跟随他们。可知人 们普遍认为，《蒙娜丽莎》中的女人无论站在哪里都会看着观众。故选 D。

（ 2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的 “ Aslo ng as the angle of the person's gaze is no more than about 5 degrees

off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs. 只要这个人的凝视”角度不 超过 5 度左右，就会出现蒙娜丽莎效应。

可知只要凝视角度不超过 5 度左右，就会出现蒙 娜丽莎效应。故选 B。

（ 3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的 “ Tom ake sure it wasn't just him, the researchers

asked 24 people to view images of the \"Mona Lisa\" on a computer screen.

为了确保不仅仅是”

他，研究人员让 24个人在电脑屏幕上观看 \"蒙娜丽莎 \" 的 图像。可知研究人员对 24人进行 了实验是为了证实霍斯特曼的观点。故选

A。

（ 4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 “ It's possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they

think the woman is looking straight at them.

他说，人们有被注视”的欲望

是可能的，所以他们认为女人在直视他们。可推知人们有被蒙娜丽莎凝视的感觉可能是因 为人们渴望被关注。故选

C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需 要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（ A、B、 C和 D）中，选出最佳选项。

Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing （ 光合作用 ） while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution （ 协同进化 ） started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.

Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that

persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mа mmа l?. Т hе ?е ?n с lud е hollow thorns that а nt? will live ?n?琼?d浆 ） о nе l , еorа v ех? tra n ес or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed

—often in a

nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.

But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.

The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.

（1） Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to ______ .

A. reward the ants B. make a fool of ants

C. provide nutrition for the seeds D. get the seeds moved around

（2） What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us?

A. How plants and ants interact. B. What ants do to protect plants. C. How plants and ants survive attacks. D. Why plants and ants need co-evolution.

（3） Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants?

A. Ants depended more upon plants. B. It caused a race for better evolution. C. How it got started was uncertain. D. It was of little value for future studies.

（4） What's the author's purpose of writing the passage?

A. To introduce a science research method. B. To inform readers of a latest research finding. C. To arouse readers' interest in science research.

D. To criticize people's traditional views about plants. 【答案】 （ 1）D

（2）A

（3）C （4）B

【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠 久的历史。蚂蚁和植物的共同进化始于蚂蚁以植物为食，植物进化出对蚂蚁友好的特征。

（ 1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的 “ Otherp lants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing

them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. 其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它” 们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的

食物包。故选 D。

（ 2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的 “ Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. 植”物有许多不同的结构，这些结构是专门为蚂蚁使用的；

“ Some ants will

just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. 可

知，有些”蚂蚁会偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些会留下 来攻击任何试图伤害植物的东西。其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附 加丰富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要讲了植物和蚂蚁如何互动，故选 A。 （ 3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的 “ Bust cientists weren't sure how the evolutionary

relationship between ants and plants got started. 但是科学家们并”不确定蚂蚁和植物之间的进 化关系是如何开始

的。由此可知 C 选项描述正确，故选 C。

（ 4）考查推理判断。第一段中的 “ An ew study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants

and plants. 一”项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久 的历史。是全文的主题句，由此推断出，作者写

这篇文章的目的是告知读者最新的研究结 果，故选 B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需 要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。