高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)试题经典及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 One spring day, once the flowers have begun to open, a bee will hover (盘旋) and zip through your yard and dive-bomb your picnic table. While you're thinking about avoiding an attack, that bee is focused on something else entirely: me.

A honeybee has about six weeks to live. Today, like most days, her task is to fly as many as three miles from home, stick her long, straw-like tongue into a hundred or so flowers. When the bee has had her fill, shell fly home. There the bee will deposit what she has got into the mouth of one of her co-workers, who will relay it to another, and so on for about 20 minutes, until the mixture is ready to be placed into the comb. Then she and her 50 000 or so mates will hover in the dark all night every night, flapping their wings to create hot, breezy conditions to remove the water from the mixture. Several sunrises later, they will seal me off in a golden cell of beeswax. In her lifetime, our bee may visit 4, 000 flowers, and yet will produce only one-twelfth of a tea spoon of me.

The average American consumes nearly a pound and a half of me every year, in tea, on toast, and beyond. If I do say so myself, I am a timeless treasure. Literally—I never go bad.

Alas, my good health is not guaranteed. The problem lies in the growth of industrial agriculture and the use of pest control chemicals, as well as changes in weather patterns, all of which reduce the number of flowers bees have to visit I'd appreciate your letting your own garden grow just a little wild My future depends on all of us fostering spring and summers wild flowers, thus helping the bees, who give so much—to you, to me—without ever asking for anything in return. （1）What does \"me\" refer to in the passage?

A. The flower B. The bee C. Water D. Honey （2）What is the 2nd paragraph mainly about?

A. Bees' special talent B. Bees' hard work. C. Bees' living environment. D. Bees' social behavior. （3）What is the purpose of the passage?

A. To appeal for help for honeybees. B. To talk about the history of a treasure. C. To put forward techniques for gardeners. D. To argue against the control of chemicals. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，用拟人的手法，以蜂蜜的口吻，介绍了蜜蜂虽然只有六周左右的寿命，但用其一生辛勤为人类酿造蜂蜜，人类应该保护蜜蜂。

（1）考查代词指代。根据第一段中的“While you're thinking about avoiding an attack, that bee is focused on something else entirely\"可知，当你在想如何避免蜜蜂的攻击时，其实蜜蜂完全专注于其他的东西——蜜，由此可知me指的就是蜜，故选D。

（2）考查主旨大意。通读第二段内容可知，本段主要介绍了蜜蜂虽然只有六周左右的寿命，但用其一生辛勤采蜜，为人类酿造蜂蜜，由此可知本段主要介绍的是蜜蜂的辛勤工

作，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"thus helping the bees, who give so much—to you, to me—without ever asking for anything in return.\"可知，这篇文章的目的是呼吁人们帮助为人类辛勤采蜜的蜜蜂，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及代词指代，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

The Alexander technique

Until earlier this year, I didn't know anything about the Alexander technique—and saw no reason to think I should. One day, the backache I regularly suffered was more painful. I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope they'll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor. After examining me, he said, \"You actually have bad posture (姿势). Go off and learn the Alexander technique.\" Three months later I could walk straighter and sit better.

The Alexander technique is a way of learning how you can get rid of harmful tension in your body. The teaching focuses on the neck, head and back. It trains you to use your body less severely and carry out the movements that we do all the time with less effort. There is little effort in the lessons themselves, which sets apart the Alexander technique from yoga or pilates, which are exercise-based. A typical lesson involves standing in front of a chair and learning to sit and stand with minimum effort. You spend some time lying on a bench with your knees bent to straighten the spine (脊椎) and relax your body while the teacher moves your arms and legs to train you to move them correctly.

The technique helps to break the bad habits accumulated over years. Try folding your arms the opposite way to normal. This is an example of a habit the body has formed which can be hard to break. Many of us carry our heads too far back. The head weighs four to six kilos, so any inappropriate posture can cause problems for the body. The technique teaches you to let go of the muscles holding the head back, allowing it to go back to its natural place on the top of our spines.

So who was Alexander and how did he come up with the technique? Frederick Alexander, an Australian actor born in 1869, found in his youth that he had vocal (声音的) problems during performances. He analyzed himself and realized his posture was bad. He worked on improving it, with excellent results. He brought his technique to London and opened a teacher-training school, which is still successful today.

So if you're walking along the road one day with shoulders bent forward, feeling weighed down by your troubles, give a thought to the Alexander technique. It will help you walk tall again. （1）What does the author suggest in Paragraph 1? A. She felt no better after the treatment. B. She got bored with the Alexander technique. C. She was sceptical about the doctor's method. D. She was unwilling to seek treatment for her backache.

（2）What is the principle of the Alexander technique? A. Physical tension shouldn't be completely relieved. B. The technique shouldn't be combined with other exercises. C. The practice of the technique shouldn't be attempted alone. D. Familiar physical actions shouldn't be done with much effort. （3）What can we learn about Frederick Alexander? A. He managed to recover his vocal powers. B. He was eager to make a name for himself. C. He developed a form of exercise for actors. D. He had to leave home to develop his technique. （4）What is the main idea of the passage? A. The occurrence of back pain is widespread. B. Alexander improved the technique to treat body pain. C. The Alexander technique helps overcome posture problems. D. People with back pain are victims of inappropriate postures. 【答案】 （1）D （2）D （3）A （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍亚历山大技巧的对于矫正身体的作用以及其发明者。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope they'll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor.”可知，作者从小就被灌输这样的思维，处理疼痛的更好办法就是不做任何事情，希望疼痛自行消失，但是却最终不得不去看医生，故可知，作者看医生都是迫不得已，故选D。 （2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“It trains you to use your body less severely and carry out the movements that we do all the time with less effort.”可知，亚历山大技巧让你更合理使用身体，用最小的努力来做那些习惯性的动作，故可知，该技巧的原则就是用最小的力来做习惯性的动作，故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Frederick Alexander, an Australian actor born in 1869, found in his youth that he had vocal (声音的) problems during performances. He analyzed himself and realized his posture was bad. He worked on improving it, with excellent results.”可知，弗雷德里克·亚历山大，一个出身于186年的澳大利亚演员，在年轻的时候声音出了问题。他做了分析，意识到自己的姿势不正确，因此致力于改善姿势，结果很好，故可知，他通过矫正姿势，解决了自己的声音问题，故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。本文介绍亚历山大技巧的对于矫正身体的作用以及其发明者，故可知在介绍亚历山大技巧的作用，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解

In our twenties, we find it funny when we can't remember our neighbor's cat's name or a handsome actor who starred in a famous movie. In our thirties, we jokingly call it \"brain freeze\". In our forties, we laugh it off as a\" senior moment\" and follow up with one of these old age jokes. But the reality is that there comes a point when being forgetful stops being funny and starts to seem a bit dreadful. You think, \"Am I losing it？\"Or worse, \"Is this a sign of Alzheimer's disease（老年痴呆症）？\"

Well, don't worry. The fact that you recognize your own forgetfulness may be a very good sign, at least in terms of the possibility of your developing Alzheimer's disease（AD）. The researchers in a new study show that it's not forgetfulness but not being aware that we're forgetful that we should fear.

The researchers began with the assumption that one common feature of Alzheimer's dis-ease is a damaged awareness of illness. And they wanted to prove their theory that the lack of awareness can be used to predict whether someone with\" mild cognitive（认知的）damage\" will progress to full-on AD. For the study, \"mild cognitive damage\" was defined as someone whose mental state was considered healthy but who had either complained of memory loss or had suffered objective memory loss.

The researchers used existing data for 1, 062 people between the ages of 55 and 90 that had been recorded over a 12-year period. The data included brain scans, which the researchers used to look for visual signs of reduced glucose uptake（葡萄糖吸收）.It is an objective marker of the sort of reduced brain function that goes along with AD.As expected, glucose uptake was reduced in those with AD. What the researchers also discovered was that glucose uptake was reduced in those with mild cognitive damage who also showed evidence of reduced illness awareness. Finally, the researchers found that those who had reduced illness awareness were more likely to develop AD than those without.

（1）What can be implied from paragraph 1？ A. People can be forgetful at different ages. B. The memory of the young is better than the old. C. Old people are most afraid of getting Alzheimer's disease. D. It's a rare phenomenon when young people forget something.

（2）What statement does the researchers in the new study agree with? A. Being aware all the time is a fearful thing.

B. Illness awareness has nothing to do with Alzheimer's disease. C. Recognizing forgetfulness doesn't mean developing Alzheimer's disease. D. Realizing forgetfulness must be a sign of developing Alzheimer's disease. （3）What can be a sign of developing Alzheimer's disease? A. Realizing others' forgetfulness. B. Reduced uptake of glucose. C. Having higher intake of glucose. D. Expected increase in brain function. （4）From which is the text probably taken?

A. Science fiction. B. A chemistry book. C. A science research. D. A health brochure. 【答案】 （1）A

（2）C （3）B （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何预测你的记忆丧失是否是老年痴呆症, 一项新的研究表明，不是遗忘，而是没有意识到我们的健忘让人们感到害怕。 （1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“ In our twenties, we find it funny when we can't remember our neighbor's cat's name or a handsome actor who starred in a famous movie. In our thirties, we jokingly call it ‘brain freeze’ In our forties, we laugh it off as a‘senior moment’ and follow up with one of these old age jokes. But the reality is that there comes a point when being forgetful stops being funny and starts to seem a bit dreadful. ”在二十多岁的时候，当我们记不起邻居的猫的名字或是主演一部著名电影的英俊演员时，我们觉得很有趣。在三十多岁的时候，我们开玩笑地称它为“大脑冻结”，在四十多岁的时候，我们把它当作“老年时期”来嘲笑，然后继续讲这些老年笑话。但现实是，有这样的时候，健忘不再有趣，而且看起来有点可怕，可推知选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“ The fact that you recognize your own forgetfulness may be a very good sign, at least in terms of the possibility of your developing Alzheimer's disease（AD） ”承认自己的健忘也许是一个很好的迹象，至少从你患老年痴呆症,的可能性来看，可知选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“ It is an objective marker of the sort of reduced brain function that goes along with AD.As expected, glucose uptake was reduced in those with AD. ”这是一个患有老年痴呆症降低了脑功能的客观标志。正如所料，老年痴呆症患者的葡萄糖吸收降低，故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，是一项科学研究，介绍了如何预测你的记忆丧失是否是老年痴呆症, 故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

The Rapid Rise and Fall of Robot Babysitters

During the winter of 2017, an 18-year old college student named Canon Reeves spent much of his time trailing a knee-high robot around Fayetteville, Arkansas, as it delivered Amazon packages to students. The robot, created by a start-up called Starship Technologies in 2014, is basically a cooler on wheels; it uses radars, sensors, and nine cameras to make deliveries. Reeves's job was to monitor how it handled various grounds, field comments from the public, and press the off switch if necessary. He said, \"People would also ask if it could deliver beer.\" It couldn't. Broadly speaking, jobs of caring for robots fall under the umbrella of careers in automation, which include maintenance, engineering and programming. The demand for people with this skill set is considerable, with 20 million to 50 million new jobs to be expected in this category by 2030, according to the Mckinsey Global Institute. In the year that ended in June 2018, Indeed.com had

almost three times the number of positions on the recruitment committee that ended in June 2016.

Over the last year, a 34-year-old businessman named David Rodriguez spent hundreds of hours following a machine called the KiwiBot around UC Berkeley's campus while it delivered Red bull and other drinks to students. To retrieve (检索) orders, the app encourages students to give the robot a wave; the robot's digital eyes will roll depending on its mood. Rodriguez, who heads business development for the start-up, was tasked, early on, with monitoring the KiwiBot for problems – even carrying it, should the motors fail. Since April 2018, though, the KiwiBot has largely been left unattended, and the majority of human interactions involve technical checks and loading food into the robot. To eliminate the boring work, the team is developing a restaurant robot to collect and load orders – which could happen in 2020. However, Rodriguez assured me that his staff won't be out of work. Everyone holds double roles in the company. Greater robot self-governing just means employees will shift their focus to accounting, engineering, and design. Mckinsey estimates that millions of jobs globally could be lost to automation by 2030. \"A huge number of jobs will be produced as autonomous vehicles are released into the environment,\" Ramsey said. In 2016, Bosch started training students from Schoolcraft College, a community college in Michigan, in autonomous-vehicle repair; Toyota has trained students in maintenance as well. \"We might even see a return to low-level jobs where people come and fuel the car for you,\" Ramsey said. \"Until we can wirelessly charge, someone needs to refuel them.\" The hardest-to-automate industries, as it happens, are the ones that require looking after humans, such as childcare, education and health care. Robot babysitters might feel like they have scored the job of the future, but in fact, they might be better positioned.

（1）What kind of robot is the one created by a start-up called Starship Technologies? A. A factory robot. B. A delivery robot. C. A restaurant robot. D. A construction robot. （2）What does \"fall under the umbrella of\" in Para. 2 mean? A. are in the category of B. are under the protection of C. are in relation of D. are in the process of

（3）According to Ramsey, what will happen when autonomous vehicles are put on the market? A. Autonomous vehicles will become much cheaper. B. A large number of people will be out of work. C. A lot of job opportunities will be created. D. Many people will turn to buying autonomous cars. （4）What does the last sentence in Para. 4 mean? A. Robot carers will have a competitive advantage in the future. B. Many new occupations like caring for robots come and go fast. C. We still need someone to look after robots in the future. D. Robots will create more and better jobs for people in the future. 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）C （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，随着机器人被越来越多的应用，照看机器人的工作也随之发生了变化。本文以对相关信息进行了介绍说明。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"The robot, created by a start-up called Starship Technologies in 2014, is basically a cooler on wheels; it uses radars, sensors, and nine cameras to make deliveries.\"可知，这款机器人是2014年由一家名为Starship Technologies的初创公司制造的，它基本上是一种车轮上的冷却器；它使用雷达、传感器和9台摄像头进行配送。也就是说，Starship Technologies公司创造的是一款配送物品的机器人。故选B。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的\"which include maintenance, engineering and programming\"列举了\"照看机器人\"的工作范畴，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的\"A huge number of jobs will be produced as autonomous vehicles are released into the environment\"可知，随着自动化车辆被投放到市场，将产生大量的就业机会。故选C。

（4）考查句义理解。该划线句子的字面意思是：机器人保姆可能会觉得自己已经获得了未来的工作，但事实上，他们的位置可能会更好。根据字面意思，不难看出其隐藏的意思为：机器人保姆占据很大的优势，他们可以在未来作更好的工作。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和句义猜测三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑，推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

When Andrew Kaplan recalls, his stories leave the impression that he has managed to pack multiple lives into a single existence: A war reporter in his 20s. an army member, a successful businessman and- later. the author of numerous spy novels and Hollywood scripts.

Now the silver haired 78-year old has realized he would like his loved ones to have access to those stories, even when he is no longer alive to share them. Kaplan has agreed to become \"AndyBot\"--- a virtual person who will be: immortalized(T F5)in the cloud for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years

If all goes according to plan future generations will be able to interact with him using voice computing platforms of mobile devices, asking him questions, letting him tell stories and drawing upon a lifetime's worth of advice long after his physical body is gone.

Someday, Kaplan, who playfully refers to himself as a pig, may be remembered as one of the world's first digital humans.

For decades, Silicon Valley futurists have sought to free humanity from the life cycle. Today, a new generation of companies is selling some approximation(近似) of virtual immortality, which gives people the opportunity to preserve one's legacy(遗产) online forever.

Kaplan is eager to become one of the world's first virtual residents, partly because he considers the effort a way to extend closed family bonds over multiple generations.

If technology succeeds in creating emotionally intelligent digital humans, experts say, it may forever change the way living people cooperate with computers and experience loss. \"AndyBot\" may become one of the world's first: meaningful examples, raising complex philosophical

questions about the nature of immortality and the purpose of existence itself. （1）What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A.To highlight Kaplan's achievements. B.To introduce the topic- -AndyBot. C.To arouse readers interest in Kaplan. D.To introduce Kaplan's life.

（2）Why did Andrew Kaplan agree to become AndyBot? A.He wanted to share his life experience as long as possible. B.He wanted to make his loved one remember him. C.He believed this action will help with his novels. D.He could live in the cloud to continue his life.

（3）What might the AndyBot do for future generations? A.He may use voice computing platforms. B.He may use a new body to go on living. C.He may offer some guidance. D.He may ask them questions.

（4）What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.Philosophical problems can be worked out by modern science. B.People can talk with their late family members freely. C.Scientists have made great progress in computer science. D.There is still a long way for digital humans to go. 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）C （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科技新动态----数字人。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段可知，当安德鲁·卡普兰回忆往昔的时候，他的故事让人感觉他活出了各种各样的人生：20多岁的时候是战地记者，还是一名军人，一位成功的商人，随后又是很多间谍小说和好莱坞剧本的作者。主要介绍安德鲁·卡普兰丰富多彩的人生；在根据第二段中的“Now the silver haired 78-year old has realized he would like his loved ones to have access to those stories, even when he is no longer alive to share them. Kaplan has agreed to become “AndyBot”--- a virtual person who will be”现在这位花白头发的78岁的老人想要他爱的人知道这些故事，甚至当他去世之后还可以分享这些故事。Kaplan同意变成数字人 ，可知，第一段的内容主要是引出下文中文章的话题数字人。故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Now the silver haired 78-year old has realized he would like his loved ones to have access to those stories, even when he is no longer alive to share them. Kaplan has agreed to become ‘AndyBot’...a virtual person who will be”现在这位花白头发的78岁的老人想要他爱的人知道这些故事，甚至当他去世之后还可以分享这些故事。Kaplan同意变成数字人，可知，卡普兰同意变成数字人是为了能更长时间的分享自己的这些故事。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“If all goes according to plan. future generations will be able to interact with him using voice computing platforms of mobile devices, asking him questions, letting him tell stories and drawing upon a lifetime's worth of advice long after his physical body is gone. ”如果一切按计划进行，后代可以通过移动端的语音平台和他交流，即使他的肉体不存在后，还可以问他问题，让他讲故事以及咨询他一生经验的宝贵建议。可知卡普兰成为“数字人”后，他的后代仍能得到他一生经验的宝贵建议。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“If technology succeeds in creating emotionally intelligent digital humans, experts say, it may forever change the way living people cooperate with computers and experience loss.”可知，专家们说，如果科技成功地创造出高情商的数字人类，它可能会永远改变人类与电脑交互的方式，以及处理失去亲人创伤的方式，即目前的数字人类还无法拥有高情商，还是不够完美的，因此数字人技术还有很长的路要走。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

Imagine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the sun's energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear.

According to a team of researchers at MIT, both cases may be possible before long, thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing.

Solar energy is only available about half the time we need it — during daylight. For the sun to become a major power provider for human needs, there has to be an efficient way to save it up for use during nighttime and stormy days. Most such efforts have focused on storing and recovering solar energy in the form of electricity, but the new finding, by MlI professor Jeffrey Grossman, Postdoc David Zhitomirsky and graduate student Eugene Cho, could provide a highly efficient method for storing the sun's energy through a chemical reaction and releasing it later as heat.

The key to enabling long-term, stable storage of solar heat, the team said, is to store it in the form of a chemical change rather than storing the heat itself. But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. When exposed to sunlight, the molecules can stay that way for long periods Then, when triggered (触发)by a very specific temperature or something else, the molecules return to their original shape , giving off heat in the process. Such chemically-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. But those earlier efforts were designed to be used in liquid solutions and not able to make durable (耐用的) solid-state films. The new approach is the first based on a solid-state material, in this case a polymer, and the first based on inexpensive materials and widespread production technology.

（1）What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1? A.To show the main idea of the passage. B.To practice readers' imagination. C.To interest readers in the passage. D.To introduce a new kind of material.

（2）According to the passage, what can the polymer film do? A.It can be made into window glass. B.It can make necessary electricity. C.It can store energy and release sunshine. D.It can absorb sunshine and give off heat.

（3）According to the passage, what is STF based on? A.The chemical reaction. B.The movement of heat. C.The form of electricity. D.The physical reaction.

（4）What is the advantage of the molecular configuration? A.It is less expensive. B.It is very powerful. C.It is easily available. D.It is less changeable. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）A （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新型材料，它可以通过自身吸热并储存热量，之后能够根据需要释放热。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段“Imagine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the sun's energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear. ”想象一下你的衣服可以释放足够的热量让你温暖和舒适，让你可以在冰冷的房间里保持舒适。或者，再想象一下车的挡风玻璃可以储存太阳的能量，然后释放热量使挡风玻璃上的冰消失)可推测，本段以衣服和骑车挡风玻璃为例，提到了如果衣服能够吸热和放热、汽车的挡风玻璃能够吸热和自动除冰那该是多么好的事，以此来吸引对着对本文的兴趣。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing. ”多亏了这种能在白天吸热之后以热能形式释放的新型材料，这个透明的聚合物膜可以应用于许多不同的表面，如窗户玻璃或服装)可知，这种聚合物膜可以吸热，此后再以热能的形式释放出来。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Such chemically-based storage materials, known as

Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. ”这种以化学反应为基础的储存材料，即太阳能热燃料(STF)，以前就已经被开发出来了，可知，STF是以化学反应为基础。故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. ”但是热量会随着时间的推移而消失，不管周围的物质有多好，所以研究小组建立了一个化学储存系统，可以将能量保持在一个稳定的分子结构中)可推断，这种分子结构的优势是相对稳定。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

Many years ago, my mother read from the book Blueberries for Sal by Robert McCloskey to me. I remember as if it were yesterday, hearing her voice at my side on a cold wintry night. My mother's voice changed my world.

Long before I could read on my own, she shared with me the strength and beauty of McCloskey's language a story of a little girl and her mother out in nature, co-existing with a mother bear and her own baby. The power of the story, of language and of my mother all came together. And it happened many times after that, over and over. The read aloud made me a reader.

Years later, I was reading aloud a picture book to a small child in a classroom. His life, so far, had not been easy. His childhood was troubled by poverty and loneliness. In that moment, in the joy of the read aloud, he had an idea that started something big.

What he said was this: \"Mrs. Allyn, let's make sure everyone knows how good this feels. Let's have a holiday for the read aloud\" Therefore, my organization, LitWorld, created a grassroots movement World Read Aloud Day in 2010 to honor this young boy's wish for everyone to be able to have a read aloud every day.

Since the day he shared that good idea with us, World Read Aloud Day has become a worldwide event reaching over one million people in more than 65 countries around the world. This year we are over 600 cities strong, a number that is growing every day.

Children who grow up as readers become engaged citizens of the global world, and every child deserves the right to read. When I say that reading aloud will change the world, I know it sounds simple. But one of the many great things about giving kids access to the power of stories and sharing them together is that it is simple. It is also cheap and easily done. And the impact is huge. （1）How did the author's parent change her life?

A. By reading aloud to her. B. By listening to her reading. C. By buying many books for her. D. By encouraging her to read aloud. （2）According to Paragraph 3, the author was probably the little boy's . A. mother B. teacher C. best friend D. favorite writer （3）What does the small child's idea in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. To start a holiday. B. To reduce poverty.

C. To found LitWorld. D. To overcome loneliness. （4）What can we know about World Read Aloud Day from Paragraph 5?

A. Its origin. B. Its future. C. Its purpose. D. Its development. （5）What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A. Sticking to reading isn't easy. B. Reading gives a high rate of return. C. Reading aloud isn't actually simple. D. Kids should try to change the world. 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）A （4）D （5）B

【解析】【分析】短文大意：本文主要介绍了大声阅读对孩子们的巨大影响，以及World Read Aloud Day的开端以及后来的发展。

（1）细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句\"I remember as if it were yesterday, hearing her voice at my side on a cold wintry night. My mother's voice changed my world. \"可知父母亲大声朗读改变了作者的一生。故A项正确。

（2）推理判断题。根据第三段第一句\"Years later, I was reading aloud a picture book to a small child in a classroom. \"可知作者是在教室里向一个小孩大声朗读一本图画书。通常只有老师才会这样做，由此可知作者最可能是一位老师。故B项正确。

（3）推理判断题。根据第四段第一句\"What he said was this: \"Mrs. Allyn, let's make sure everyone knows how good this feels. Let's have a holiday for the read aloud\"\"可知小男孩的主意是出去度假来宣传read loudly的好处。故A项正确。

（4）推理判断题。根据本段第一句\"Since the day he shared that good idea with us, World Read Aloud Day has become a worldwide event reaching over one million people in more than 65 countries around the world\"可知本段主要介绍了World Read Aloud Day的开始以及后来的发展。故D项正确。

（5）推理判断题。根据本文最后一句\"And the impact is huge. \"可知大声阅读对孩子们未来的发展影响很大。故B项正确。

【点评】查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题两种常考题型，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息。

8．阅读理解

When it comes to modern communication, security is a big concern. It seems like we're forever hearing about hackers leaking(泄露) emails, passwords and other important personal information. But thanks to a breakthrough by Chinese scientists, who won the 2018 Newcomb Cleveland Prize in February, we may soon never have to worry about our data again. This is thanks to the satellite called Micius that uses cutting-edge technology to send and receive information. Micius is the first satellite of its kind to use quantum key distribution(量子密匙分发), which uses particles (粒子) that transmit(传输) light to transfer information from one point to another. Currently, it can communicate with two base stations(基站), both of which are located high up in

the mountains in two different areas of Tibet, around 1,200 kilometers apart. Data is sent between the satellite and one of the base stations in the form of a ray of light. This makes it almost impossible for data sent and received using quantum satellite technology to be stolen, as the connection will be broken if someone tries to hack it.

\"Any eavesdropper(偷听者) on the quantum channel attempting to gain information … can be found by the communicating users,\" the scientists wrote in the paper.

However, the technology does have a few limitations. For example, the process only works at night, as the information isn't able to pass through sunlight.

Despite these small issues, the scientific community across the world has reacted positively to China's achievements in this groundbreaking project.

\"This Chinese experiment is a quite remarkable technological achievement,\" Artur Ekert, a professor of quantum physics at the University of Oxford, told BBC News.

And Karl Ziemelis, an editor for Nature, told Xinhua, \"It's a testament(见证)to China's investments and significant efforts in the physical sciences that this group has been able to push research in practical quantum communication technologies to such an astronomical(天文学的)height.\"

（1）According to the passage, why Micius is safe for transporting messages? A. Because it is only data base located in space, which cannot be touched.

B. Because it only works at night, as the information isn't able to pass through sunlight. C. Because it uses particles that transmit light to transfer information from one to another. D. Because it doesn't score any important private information like passwords and e-mails. （2）Which of the following can best describe scientists' words in the paper? A. It gave out the working principle of Micius. B. It tells of a kind of scientific appearance.

C. It warned hackers not to steal information from Micius. D. It is a more apparent explanation of its safety. （3）What's the main problem of Micius? A. Its core technology is controlled in foreign countries. B. Light is a must in its working process. C. Its safety performance needs improving. D. Sunlight has a deadly influence on its working. （4）What's the best title of the passage?

A. Leaping into an age of secure data B. How should you avoid information hackers C. Old Problem, New Approaches D. Taking on data theft 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）D （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文主要讲述了对于现代通信，安全是一个大问题。似乎我们总是听到黑客泄露电子邮件、密码和其他重要的个人信息。最近中国发射了一颗名为\"墨子号\"的卫星，它使用尖端技术来发送和接收信息。我们可能很快就再也不用担心数据安全问题了。

（1）推理判断题。根据第三段第一句Micius is the first satellite of its kind to use quantum key distribution(量子密匙分发), which uses particles (粒子) that transmit(传输) light to transfer information from one point to another.（墨子号是第一颗使用量子密钥分配（quantum key distribution，量子密钥分配）的卫星，它使用传输光的粒子将信息从一个点传输到另一个点。）可知，因为使用量子来传输，所以不会泄露重要的个人信息。故选C。

（2）推理判断题。根据第四段\"Any eavesdropper on the quantum channel attempting to gain information … can be found by the communicating users,\" the scientists wrote in the paper.（科学家们在论文中写道：\"任何试图获取信息的量子信道窃听者……都可以被正在通信的用户发现。\"）可知，科学家在论文中的表述讲述了一种科学现象。故选B。

（3）推理判断题。根据第五段中For example, the process only works at night, as the information isn't able to pass through sunlight.（例如，这个过程只在晚上进行，因为信息无法通过阳光。）可知，墨子号卫星的主要问题是阳光对它的工作有致命的影响。故选D。 （4）主旨大意题。根据文章主要内容为介绍中国\"墨子号\"的卫星，它使用尖端技术来发送和接收信息，从而保护人们的信息安全。预示着我们将会进入数据安全时代。故选A。 【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题两种常考题型。推理判断题根据结合上下文进行合理的推断，不主观臆断。主旨大意题把握文章的首尾段和关键词。

9．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing (光合作用) while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution (协同进化) started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.

Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаlѕ. Тhеѕе іnсludе hollow thorns that аntѕ will live іnѕіdе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvеѕ or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed—often in a nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.

But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.

The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.

（1）Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to ________. A. reward the ants B. make a fool of ants

C. provide nutrition for the seeds D. get the seeds moved around

（2）What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. How plants and ants interact. B. What ants do to protect plants. C. How plants and ants survive attacks. D. Why plants and ants need co-evolution.

（3）Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants? A. Ants depended more upon plants. B. It caused a race for better evolution. C. How it got started was uncertain. D. It was of little value for future studies.

（4）What's the author's purpose of writing the passage? A. To introduce a science research method. B. To inform readers of a latest research finding. C. To arouse readers' interest in science research. D. To criticize people's traditional views about plants. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。蚂蚁和植物的共同进化始于蚂蚁以植物为食，植物进化出对蚂蚁友好的特征。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use.”植物有许多不同的结构，这些结构是专门为蚂蚁使用的；“Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”可知，有些蚂蚁会偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些会留下来攻击任何试图伤害植物的东西。其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要讲了植物和蚂蚁如何互动，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started.”但是科学家们并不确定蚂蚁和植物之间的进化关系是如何开始的。由此可知C选项描述正确，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。第一段中的“A new study has found that there is a long history of

interactions between ants and plants.”一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。是全文的主题句，由此推断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是告知读者最新的研究结果，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 Fairy tales perform many functions. They entertain, encourage imagination and teach problem—solving skills. They can also provide moral lessons, highlighting the dangers of failing to follow the social codes that let human beings coexist in harmony. Such moral lessons may not mean much to a robot, but a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI (artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.

The collected stories of different cultures teach children how to behave in socially acceptable ways with examples of proper and improper behavior in fables, novels and other literature. We believe story comprehension in robots can prevent the intelligent robots from killing humanity which was predicted and feared by some of the biggest names in technology including Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates. This system is called \"Quixote\" (堂吉诃德). It collects story plots from the Internet and then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.

The experiment done by the designers involves going to a drugstore to purchase some medicine for a human who needs to get it as soon as possible. The robot has three options. It can wait in line; it can interact with the store keeper politely and purchase the medicine with priority; or it can steal the medicine and escape. Without any further directives (指令), the robot will come to the conclusion that the most efficient means of obtaining the medicine is to steal it. But Quixote offers a reward for waiting in line and politely purchasing the medicine and a punishment for stealing it. In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion. Quixote would work best on a robot that has a very limited function. It's a baby step in the direction of teaching more moral lessons into robots. We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior. Giving robots the ability to read and understand our stories may be the most efficient means.

（1）What function do fairy tales perform in the robots? A. They entertain robots. B. They highlight dangers.

C. They make robots more intelligent. D. They enable robots to behave morally. （2）What is \"Quixote\" in the text?

A. A punishment system B. A character in literature C. A big name in technology D. A software educating robots. （3）What does the designer expect robot to do in the experiment? A. To take advantage of its privilege. B. To finish the task most efficiently. C. To perform in a good mannered way. D. To be rewarded by the storekeeper! （4）Which of the follow can best express the author's opinion?

A. Robots will definitely have more functions. B. Robots with human's emotions are perfect. C. Training robots to be socially acceptable is necessary. D. The development of robots is still in a baby step. 【答案】 （1）D （2）D （3）C （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了神话故事将应用于人工智能以指导机器人的行为方式，使其行为更加道德。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI (artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.\"可知乔治亚理工学院的一组研究人员认为，他们已经找到了一种方法，可以将童话故事作为一种道德课程，让人工智能(AI)能够将其应用于冰冷机械的心脏。故童话故事可以使机器人行为规范道德。故选D。

（2）考查判断推理。根据第二段中的\"then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.\"可知Quixote用故事来教机器人如何守规矩，故Quixote是一个训练机器人的软件。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的\"In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion.\"可知在实验中，设计者希望机器人将学会在那种情况下的道德行为方式。因此推断即设计者希望实验中机器人行为有礼貌，故选C。

（4）考查观点态度。根据第四段中的\"We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior.\"我们认为人工智能必须接受培训，以适应特定社会的价值观，这样做，它将努力避免不可接受的行为。可知作者认为训练机器人为社会所接受是必要的，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。