文章结构

专题复习5 Reading strategy

Analyzing the structure of the passage Step 1:Lead in

Scientific experts from around the world are genuinely predicting that 3 years from now , all life on Earth could well finish . Some are saying it’ll be humans that set it off . Others believe that a natural phenomenon will be the cause. And the religious folks are saying it’ll be God himself who presses the stop button „ Seven reasons are going about why the world will end in 2012 and netizens have started a discussions in the forum .

１Mayan Calendar : Mayans managed to calculate the length of the lunar moon , It’s likely that they’re got the end of the world right as well .

2 Sun Storms : Solar experts calculated the sun storms reach its deadly peak sometime in 2012 . 3 The Atom Smasher : Scientists in Europe have been building the world’s largest particle accelerate . The world could be squeezed into a super-dense drop the size of a basket-ball . 4 The Bible says the final battle between Good and Evil has been set down for 2012 .

5 Super Volcano : The explosion of the Yellowstone volcano will fill the atmosphere with ash , blocking the sun and suddenly moving the Earth into a frozen winter that could last up to 15000 years .

6 The Physicists at Berkley University have been dealing with the numbers and they have determined that the Earth is well overdue for a major catastrophic event and 2012 just happens to be the best guess as to when it occurs .

7 Slip - slop - slap Bang !The magnetic field is disrupted and will eventually disappear . The result is enough UV ( 紫外线 ) outdoors to crisp your skins in seconds , killing everything it touches . …

What would the passage probably be if it’s to be continued ? _______________________ I. Question forms:

1. What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?

Reading strategy:

When reading a text, one should follow the thoughts of the author from one paragraph to the next. Sometimes, the last sentence of a paragraph introduces the topic of the next paragraph. This allows a smooth flow of ideas and ensures that readers don’t lose the focus of the text.

―Bad working habits, poor disease prevention knowledge, not enough governmental investment and lack of health education are the main reasons,” said Yang Xiaoduo, a healthcare expert with a local health association, who said China should race against time seeking measures to solve the sub health problem.

( ) 1.What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?

A Ways to solve the problem of sub health. B More reasons for sub health.

C People suffering from sub health. D Symptoms sub health sufferers have.

2 Her third contribution lies in the use of music when dancing. In her performance she used the symphonies of great masters, including Beethoven and Wagner, which was not the usual custom.

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She was exciting and eccentric（古怪的） in her personal life as in her dance. What does the following paragraph most probably discuss? (Answer it within 5 words) _____________________.

3 Students in your class are different from one another in many ways. You all have different personalities, abilities and physical appearance. In other aspects you have a lot in common. Certainly you are the same age and same nationality, and you probably have some similar hobbies and interests. But do you know that although you are studying the same subjects, you might be learning them in different ways.

What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph? (Answer it within 5 words) ______________________.

60 What would the passage probably be if it’s to be continued ? ( 浙江省六校联考 ） A world effects B Possible solutions C Humans’ measures D Netizen’s discussions

II. Question forms:

2. Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? Tips: 1. Find out the main idea of each paragraph.(pay special attention to the 1st sentence of each paragraph) 2. Divide the passage into several parts according to the main idea of each paragraph. （苏、锡、常四市调查）

You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are you’ll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook.

Lonely Planet is one of the world’s largest travel guide brands, publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts(播客)all devoted to travel

Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you don’t miss the best things.

They also provide the reviews of hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination.

This can be great if you’re a nervous traveler, or if you haven’t traveled by yourself before. If you’re in a country where you don’t speak the language, sometimes there’s nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook.

But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity(自发性)out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen„

Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. ..

1. Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? (①—⑦ stand for Paragraph 1—Paragraph 7 )? _______

A. ① B.① C. ① D. ①

② ②③ ④ ② ② ③

③④ ⑤⑥⑦ ⑤ ⑥⑦ ③④⑤ ⑥⑦ ④⑤ ⑥⑦

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(09北京）

Architects have long had the feeling that the place we live in can affect our thoughts, feeling and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical（经验的，实证的）basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.

Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2009, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people think.

In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.

Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia.

Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim (暗淡的) light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner, or at parties could increase relaxation„

So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. ―We have a very limited number of studies, so we are almost looking at the problem through a straw (吸管)‖ architect David Allison says.

(2009北京）Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?_____ Draw the structure by yourself :

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. The passage is mainly developed by___.

找出篇章或段落中表示展开方式的关键词， 如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的连接词。

It is hardly surprising that clothing manufactures follow certain uniform standards for various features of clothes .What seems strange , however , is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men .Take a look at the way your clothes button . Men’s clothes tend to button from the right , and women’s from the left . Considering most of the world’s population –men and women are right-handed , the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women .So why do women’s clothes button from the left ？

History really seems to matter here . Button first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century , when rich women were dressed by servants . For the mostly right-handed servants , having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier . On the other hand, having men’s shirts button from the right made sense , too. Most men dressed themselves ,and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt .

Today women are seldom dressed by servants , but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them . Is it interesting ？ Actually , a standard ,once set , resists change . At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left , it would have been risky for any single manufacture to

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offer women’s shirts that buttoned the right . After all ,women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch .Besides, some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right, since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts. The passage is mainly developed by .

A. analyzing causes B. making comparisons C. examining differences D. following the time order Goldie’s Secret (2010北京 )

She turned up at the doorsteps of my house in Cornwall . No way could I have sent her away . No way, not me anyway . Maybe , someone had kicked her out of their car the night before . ― We’re moving house.’ ― No space for her any more with the baby coming .‖ ― We never really wanted her , but what could we have done ? She was a present. ― People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal . And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had eve seen .

I called her Goldie . If I had known what was going to happen I would have given her a more creative name . She was so unsettled during those first few days . She hardly ate anything and had such an air of sadness about her . There was nothing I could do to make her happy , it seemed . Heaven knows what had happened to her at her previous owner’s .But eventually at the end of the first week she calmed down . Always by my side , whether we were out on ne of our long walks or sitting by the fire .

That’s why it was such a shock when she pulled away from me one day when we were out for a walk . We were a long way from home , when she started barking and getting very restless Eventually I couldn’t hold her any longer and she raced off down the road towards a farmhouse in the distance as fast as she could .

By the time I reached the farm I was very tired and upset with Goldie. But when I saw her licking the four puppies I started to feel sympathy towards them . ― We didn’t know what had happened to her .‖ said the woman at the door . ― I took her for a walk one day , soon after the puppies were born , and she just disappeared .‖ “ She must have tried to come back to them and got lost ,‖ added a boy from behind her . ‖

I must admit I do miss Goldie , but I’ve got Nugget now, and she looks just like her mother .And I’ve learnt a good lesson: not to judge people .

The passage is organized in order of _____________ .

A time B effectiveness C importance D complexity . Summary

1What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?

_______________________________________________________________________________ 2Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage?

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3 The passage is mainly developed by___.

_______________________________________________________________________________ Writing : If you were one of the netizens , what would you say to us about the prediction ? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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高考英语阅读理专题复习

篇章结构

1 The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.

Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.

The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.

Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.

William Shakespeare said. ―The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）, good and ill together. ―The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what

Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?

72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

2 I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: ―My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice?‖ Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:

Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems

The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you

might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated. Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: ―I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety?‖ ―Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?‖

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Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner. How is the text organized?

A．Topic---argument----description B．Opinion—discussion---explanation C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples D．Topic ----argument----conclusion

3 In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.

First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night.

I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.

But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.

I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. 52．How is the text organized?

A．Topic—Argument—Explanation B．Opinion—Discussion—Description

C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion 4 \"Image is everything.\" An entire industry has been built upon the precondition that image is everything, but when it comes down to it, an appealing image is not enough. If there is no substance behind the image, the product, service or person will fail at length.

First of all, one should consider how important image is in the selling of products and services. Advertising agencies have raised the art of creating an image to a state of near perfection. Public concept of that product or service is certainly managed by the images created by the advertising agencies. But if the product or service does not live up to the image that was created, the customer will be very dissatisfied and possibly ask for their money back. For example , the Arthur Andersen accounting firm had spent decades building up an image of trustworthiness. But the recent scandal showed that behind that image, it had dishonest business practices. Despite the previous positive image, the firm is being accused of criminal actions and it will probably not survive as a business unit. Although the image had been nearly perfect, the reality behind the image has led to the downfall of the world famous accounting firm.

Similarly, personal consultants can build up a public image for politicians and movie stars. Putting out positive news releases, making sure that only the best photographs are published, and ensuring that the person is seen in all the right places can build up a very positive image in the view of the general commons. But once again,

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history is filled with examples of both politicians and movie stars that fell from grace like the story of the Hollywood actor giving in to the pressures of fame and fortune. With people, just as with products and services,

image is certainly important, but without positive substance behind the image, failure is close.

To summarize, it is clear that an appealing image is extremely important to success, whether that image is related to selling a product or service or to the \"selling\" of a person. But image is only half of the equation. What lies behind that image is every bit as important as the image itself — the person or product must deliver on that

image or there is little chance for long-term success.

72. The downfall of the Arthur Andersen accounting firm is due to ______. A. its dishonesty in business B. its previous images C. its bad management D. its poor service 73. Why did some famous people fall from grace?

A. Their images were not well built up. B. They failed to live up to their images. C. They felt much pressure from the public. D. They paid little attention to fame and fortune. 74. The structure of the passage is .

75. The author tries to argue that______.

A. image creates everything B. image is the key to success

C. truth goes hand in hand with image D. truth and image are equally important

Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. For example, to absorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flat, black surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs of buildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already, in the form of asphalt (柏油) roads?

Ten years ago, this thought came into the mind of Arian de Bondt, a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. The result is that their building is now heated in winter and cooled in summer by a system that relies on the surface of the road outside.

The heat-collector is a system of connected water pipes. Most of them run from one side of the street to the other, just under the asphalt road. Some, however, dive deep into the ground.

When the street surface gets hot in summer, water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes. At a depth of 100 metres lies a natural aquifer (蓄水层) into which several heat exchangers (交换器) have been built. The hot water from the street runs through these exchangers, warming the groundwater, before returning to the surface through another pipe. The aquifer is thus used as a heat store.

In winter, the working system is changed slightly. Water is pumped through the heat exchangers to pick up the heat stored during summer. This water goes into the building and is used to warm the place up. After performing that task, it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice. （安徽卷C篇）

67. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

A. What we shall do if the system goes wrong. B. What we shall do if there are no asphalt roads. C. How the system cools the building in summer. D. How the system collects heat in spring and autumn.

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