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常见构词法归纳

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常见构词法归纳

1.派生法

(1)前缀

① 表示否定意义的前缀: a. 纯否定前缀:

un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的), uncertain(无常的、含糊的), unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的), unreserved(无保留的、坦白的)

dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability(残疾、), discover(v发现), disobey(违反、不服从)

in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能的、力的), inability(力,无才能), incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative(无关系的)

non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的), non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite(非白人), non-member(非会员), nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话)

b. 表示错误的意义:

mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding(n), misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待), mistrust, mistreat(虐待) c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义:

anti-: antiknock(n/adj防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war(adj,反战的), antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的)

② 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫)

a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上), aside(在旁边) de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降), degrade(降级) en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床)

ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩张), export(输出、出口)

fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead(前额), foreground(前景), foreleg, forefoot

in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆), inside, indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内), import inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction(相互作用), internet, interview(接见,面试) mid- 表示“中,中间”: midposition(中间位置)

out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要), outside, outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地), outdoor(s) over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望), overhead(在头顶上,在空中), overcoat(大衣,外套), overdress(外衣), oversea(s)(海外)

post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言)

pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词)

super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造), supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的), superpower(超强,超强大国), superman, supermarket

trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转变、转换、转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通) under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线), underground, underwater, undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)

up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的), uphold(支撑,鼓励), uphill(上坡),upload(上传) auto- 表示“自己,,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography[ɔːtəbaɪ'ɒgrəfɪ(自传)

tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜) ③ 表示时间,序列关系的前缀:

fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge(先知)

mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)

post- 表示“在后,后”:postwar(战后的,战后时期), postgraduate(研究生), postdate(事后日期,推迟日期)

pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat(预先加热), prewar, prehistory(史前), preview(预习), prebattle, prepay(预付) re- 表示“再一次,重新”: retell(复述), rewrite, renew(续借), reconsider(重新考虑), reuse, remarry, recycle(再生,

回收利用), rebuild(重建,改造)

④ 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:

by- 表示“副,次要的”:byproduct(副产品), bywork(副业) extra- 表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary(非凡的,特别的)

over- 表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多), oversleep(睡过头), overpraise(过奖), overwork, overact(行为过分), overdo(夸张,做得过分)

under- 表示“低劣,低下”:undersize(尺寸不足), undergrown(发育不全的), underproduction(生产不足) vice- 表示“副,次”:vice-president, vice –chairman,vice-monitor ⑤ 表示共同,相等意思的前缀:

co- 表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存), co-operate, co-worker, coactions(合作行动), coauthor(合作作者) ⑥ 表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:

a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake ⑦ 表示分离,离开意思的前缀: a- 表示“分离,离开”:away, apart de- 表示“离去,处去”:depart, decolour ⑧ 表示“自我”:

self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge ⑨ 表示变换词类作用的前缀: be- befriend

en- enslave(束缚;征服), enable(使能够), enrich(使充实,使肥沃,使富足), enlarge(扩大,使增大), encourage(鼓励) ⑩ 表示数量关系的前缀: a. 表示“单一”,“一”:

uni- uniform(统一服装), unicellular(单细胞) b. 表示“二,两,双”: bi- bicycle(cycle循环,周期) twi- twilight(昏暗的,黎明) c. 表示“半,一半”:

semi- semiconductor(半导体), semicircle(半圆), semimonthly(半月刊), semifinal(半决赛) d. 表示“百,百分之一”: centi- centimeter e. 表示“千,千分之一”:

kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt f. 表示“微小”:

micro- microvolt(微伏特), microcomputer(微机), microscope(显微镜) g. 表示“许多,复,多数”:

multi- multimedia(多媒体), multicolored, multiform, multinatural h. 表示“千分之一、毫”: milli- millimeter, milligram i. 表示“微小、微型”:

mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark (2)后缀

① 名词后缀:

a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:

-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian(历史学家), librarian(图书管理员), electricia(电工)n, magician(魔术师), technician, musician, politician(政客)

-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:merchant, servant(仆人,佣人), assistant, agent, student, -ee 表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员), examinee(应试者), payee(收款人), interviewee -eer 表示“从事于……人”:engineer, volunteer(志愿者)

-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”:banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer

-or 表示“……者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator -ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”:scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary -ese 表示“ ……国人,……地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)

-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员), hostess(女主人), manageress(女经理)

-ist 表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist -icist 表示“……家, ……者, ……能手”:physicist(物理学家), phoneticist(语音学家), technicist(技术师) -logist 表示“……学家,研究者”:biologist(生物学家), geologist(地质学家) b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义:

-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage

-al 表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal(拒绝), arrival, survival(幸存), denial(否认), approval(批准,认可,赞成), trial(实验)

-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:importance, distance, avoidance(逃避,废止), appearance, performance(性能,绩效,表演), difference, obedience(顺从,服从), presence(出席,参加), existence

-ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency(高效率), -ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity(纯度(化学)), reality, equality(平等) -bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability, possibility, probability, responsibility

-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom, kingdom(王国,界), wisdom(智慧,才智) -ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery(勇敢,勇气), slavery(奴役)

-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”:childhood, girlhood(少女时期), boyhood(少年时代), manhood(男子气概) -ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice, justice(司法), service -ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”:building, writing, learning

-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction(方向,指导), correction(改正,修正), collection, instruction(指令,指示), destruction (破坏), introduction, congratulation , dictation(听写,口述), invitation(邀请), pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation(饿死,绝食), satisfaction, relation, determination(决心,果断), preparation, imagination, explanation(说明,解释), opposition(反对), competition(竞赛,比赛), description, decision, division(除法), conclusion, impression(印象), expression(表达,表示), admission(承认), permission(允许,许可), discussion

-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:disappointment(失望), treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement(协议), government, development, improvement(改进,改善), requirement(要求,必要条件), encouragement

-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness(adj,善良,精华), kindness, tiredness, friendliness(友谊), business, illness, happiness(幸福), willingness(乐意,心甘情愿), weakness, fairness(公平)

-ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism(社会主义), criticism(批评), heroism(英勇), tourism, communism(主义) , Marxism(马克思主义)

-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:hardship(困苦,苦难), relationship, membership (资格,会员身份), friendship, ownership(所有权), scholarship(奖学金),

-th, 表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth(温暖), youth -ure 表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露), pressure(压力), failure, procedure(手续), mixture -craft 表示“工艺”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft c. 带有场所,地方的含义:

-age 表示“住所,地点”:village, cottage(小屋,村舍) -ary 表示“住所,场地”:library, granary (谷仓)

-ory 表示“工作场所,住处”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory(天文台,气象台) ② 形容词后缀:

a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:

-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable(可适用的), visible(可见物), responsible, terrible(可怕的), horrible(恐怖的)

-al: natural, additional(额外的,附加的), educational, national(国家的,国民的) -ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent

-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing

-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined(决定了的,果断的), delighted(高兴的,欣喜的)

-ish: foolish, bookish(出本上的,好读书的), selfish

-ive: active, impressive(感人的,令人钦佩的), decisive(决定性的,果断的), active,expensive, progressive(改革的,进步的)

b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义:

-ish: boyish, childish(幼稚的,孩子去的)

-like: manlike(有男子气概的,像男子的), childlike(天真浪漫的,像孩子的) -some: troublesome(麻烦的,讨厌的), handsome

-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy(有雾的,模糊的), healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody(血腥的), funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly(发臭的), hilly(丘陵的,陡的)

-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely(可爱的,令人愉快的), lively(活泼的,生动的), likely(很可能的), scholarly(博学的,学着风度的)

c. 表示“充分的”含义:

-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful(仁慈的,宽容的) -ous: dangerous, courageous(有胆量的,勇敢的), nervous(紧张不安的), mountainous(多山的), humorous(诙谐的,幽默的), various(各种各样的)

d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义: -en: wooden, golden, woolen(羊毛的) e. 表示方向的含义:

-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern -ward: downward(向下的), forward f. 表示“数量关系”的含义: -teen: thirteen -ty: fifty

-th: fourth, fiftieth

g. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义: -an: Roman, European -ese: Chinese, Japanese -ish: English, Spanish h. 表示否定:

-less: countless(无数的,数不尽的), stainless(不锈的), wireless, useless, endless(无止境的,连续的), priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless

③ 动词后缀:

-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,……化”:modernize(现代化), democratize(民主化), organize, apologize, realize -en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken,(加快) weaken, soften, harden(变硬,变坚强) -fy 表示“使……化, 使成”:beautify, purify(净化), intensify, signify, simplify(简化), satisfy ④ 副词后缀:

-ly: possibly, swiftly(很快地), simply(简单地)

-ward(s): downward, inwards(向内地), upward(向上地,上升地) -ways: always, sideways(向侧面的,一旁的)

-wise: otherwise(另外的,否则,adj,adv), clockwise(顺时针方向地) 注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:

use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用) self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私) 有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:

important→importance→unimportance

regular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)

2.合成法

(1)合 成 名 词 构成方式 名词+名词 名词+动词 名词+动名词 名词+及物动词+er/or 名词+介词+名词 动词+名词 动名词+名词 现在分词+名词 形容词+名词 副词+动词 介词+名词 代词+名词 例词 weekend周末 daybreak黎明 handwriting书法 pain-killer止痛药 editor-in-chief总编辑 typewriter打字机 reading-room阅览室 flying-fish飞鱼 gentleman绅士 outbreak爆发 afternoon下午 she-wolf母狼 boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, playground, radioactive(放射性的), headmaster(校长), sunshine, notebook, armchair(扶手椅), wheelchair(轮椅), postcard(明信片), football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter(消防队员), fireman, gateman(看门人,售票员), chairman(,会长), weatherman, businessman, armyman(军人), postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket(扒手), she-goat(雌性山羊), editor-in-chief(主编), daybreak(破晓), handshake(握手), silkworm(蚕), outbreak(爆发) (2)合 成 形 容 词 构成方式 名词+形容词 名词+现在分词 名词+to+名词 名词+过去分词 数词+名词 数词+名词+形容词 数词+名词+ed 动词+副词 形容词+名词 形容词+名词+ed 形容词+形容词 形容词+现在分词 副词+形容词 副词+现在分词 副词+过去分词 副词+名词 介词+名词 例词 snow-white雪白的 English-speaking讲英语的brainwashing(的) face-to-face面对面的 man-made人造的homemade one-way单行的 two-year-old两岁的 five-storeyed五层的four-legged(四条腿的 see-through透明的 high-class高级的 kind-hearted, cold-blooded light-blue浅蓝色的 good-looking相貌好看的 ever-green常青的 hard-working勤劳的 well-known著名的newly-built fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 downhill下坡的 由三个词构成的合成形容词: heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long

其他合成形容词:everyday(日常的), faraway(遥远的), snow-white(雪白的), lay-off(下岗的) (3)合 成 动 词 构成方式 名词+动词 形容词+动词 例词 sleep-walk梦游 white-wash粉刷 副词+动词 (4)合 成 副 词 构成方式 形容词+名词 形容词+副词 副词+副词 介词+名词 介词+副词 (5)合 成 代 词 构成方式 代词宾格+self 物主代词+self 形容词+名词 (6)合 成 介 词 构成方式 副词+名词 介词+副词 副词+介词 overthrow推翻 例词 hotfoot匆忙地 everywhere到处 however尽管如此 beforehand事先 forever永远 例词 herself她自己 myself我自己 anything任何东西 例词 inside在……里面 within在……之内 into进入 3.转化法

(1)名词→动词

hand(手→传递) flood(洪水→淹没) paint(油漆→刷漆) pin(别针→装订) face(脸→面对) taste(味道→品尝) (2)形容词→动词

clean(干净→使干净,打扫) dirty(脏→弄脏) empty(空的→倒空) slow(慢的→放慢) cool(凉的→冷却)

clear(清楚→清理) dry(干燥→烘干,晒干) free(自由→使自由,释放) warm(暖和→使暖和) quiet(安静→使安静)

back(背部,后面→支持,后退) copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印) heat(热量→加热) phone(电话→打电话) use(用途→使用) surprise(惊讶→使惊讶) smell(气味→闻) present(礼物→赠送)

charge(费用→收费)

waste(废物→浪费)

interest(兴趣→使兴趣) break(短暂休息→折断)

4.截短法(缩略法)

截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1)截头

telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus 2)去尾

mathematics→maths

co-operate→co-op

examination→exam

kilogram→kilo 3)截头去尾 influenza→flu 5.混合法(混成法)

laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi

refrigerator→fridge prescription→script

混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。 news broadcast→newscast新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast电视播送 6.首尾字母缩略法

首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。 very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物 television→TV (读字母音)电视

Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福 练习 动词变名词

work---___________(工作者) sing---___________(歌手) teach---___________(教师) drive---___________(司机) write---___________(作家) dance---___________(舞蹈家)

win---___________(获胜者) run---___________(赛跑者) swim---___________(游泳者) act---___________(演员) collect---___________(收藏家) direct---___________(主管)

visit---___________(参观者) invent---___________(发明家) translate---___________(翻译家) educate---___________(教育) describe---___________(描述) predit---___________(预言) collect---___________(收藏) invent---___________(发明) build---___________(建筑物) mean---___________(意思) meet---___________(会议) cross---___________(路口) turn---___________(转弯处) decide---___________(决定) die---___________(死亡) fly---___________(飞行) know---___________(知识) please---___________(高兴) pronounce---___________(发音) mix---___________(混合物)

please---___________(令人高兴的)---___________(感到高兴的) surprise---___________(令人惊讶的的) ---___________(感到惊讶的) excite---___________(令人兴奋的) ---___________(感到兴奋的) interest---___________(令人感兴趣的)---___________( 感兴趣的) worry---___________(令人担忧的) ---___________(感到担忧的)

amaze, annoy, bore, disappoint, embarrass, frustrate, relax, terrify, thrill, tire等

形容词的变化。 A: 形容词变副词。

quick---____________( ) strong---____________( ) heavy---____________( ) angry---____________( ) happy---____________( ) lucky---____________( ) healthy---____________( ) noisy---____________( ) usual---____________( ) careful---____________( ) real---____________( ) successful---____________( ) terrible---____________( ) possible---____________( ) B: 形容词变名词。

Kind---____________( )happy---____________( ) ill---____________( ) safe---____________( )

smoke and fog→smog烟雾

helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场

confident---____________( )important---____________( ) different---____________( )true---____________( ) high---____________( )

巩固练习

1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful

C. careless

D. carelessness

2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die

B. dead

C. died

D. death

3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly

B. sadness

C. saddly

D. sad

4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________. A. chemistry

B. chemical C. chemist

D. physician

5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. legging

B. legged

C. legs

D. leged

6. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world. A. lead

B. leader

C. leading

D. leadership

7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates. A. proud

B. proudly

C. pride

D. pridely

8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied

B. satisfactory C. satisfying

D. satisfaction

9.—What are you doing here?

—Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English. —You can write________passage in English?

A. 600 words;a 600-words B. 600-word;a 600-words C. 600 words;a 600-word D. 600 words;a 600-words 10. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police. A. permit

B. permission C. permitting

D. permittence

11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you. A. headquarters

B. headline C. headmaster

D. headache

12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________. A. intend

B. intention C. intentionally D. intentional

13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile. A. practice

B. practise C. practical

D. practiced

14. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

A. judger B. judgment C. judge D. judgement

15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War? A. lately

B. latest C. later

D. latter

16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________. A. longer

B. length C. long

D. longing

17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily. A. joy

B. joyful C. joyless

D. joyness

18. Canada is mainly an________country. A. English-speaking

B. speak-English C. spoken-English

D. English-spoken

19. How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.

A. foolish;foolishly;fool B. fool;foolish;fool C. foolish;fool;fool D. foolishly;foolish;fool 20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________. A. valuable

B. value C. valueless

D. unvaluable

21. There were________fish in the river in South America. A. in danger

B. danger C. dangerous

D. dangerless

22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________. A. sound

B. silent C. silence

D. sounded

23. The child looked at me________. A. stranger

B. strangely C. strange

D. strangeless

24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely. A. free

B. freely C. freedom

D. frees

25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue. A. reasonable

B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason

26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries. A. advance

B. advancing C. advantage

D. advanced

27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day. A. nearby

B. near C. nearly

D. near by

28.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.

A. official;officer;office B. officer;office;official C. official;official;official D. officer;official;office 29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________. A. health

B. healthy C. healthily

D. healthier

30.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose. A. Honestly

B. Honest

C. Honesty

D. Dishonest

[参]1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DA

16-20 BAAAB

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