雅思(阅读)模拟试卷100(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（阅读）模拟试卷100 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Reading Module

Reading Module (60 minutes)

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.What the Managers Really Do?When students graduate and first enter the workforce, the most common choice is to find an entry-level position. This can be a job such as an unpaid internship, an assistant, a secretary, or a junior partner position. Traditionally, we start with simpler jobs and work our way up. Young professionals start out with a plan to become senior partners, associates, or even managers of a workplace. However, these promotions can be few and far between, leaving many young professionals unfamiliar with management experience. An important step is understanding the role and responsibilities of a person in a managing position. Managers are organisational members who are responsible for the work performance of other organisational members. Managers have formal authority to use organisational resources and to make decisions. Managers at different levels of the organisation engage in different amounts of time on the four managerial functions of planning, organising, leading, and controlling.However, as many professionals already know, managing styles can be very different depending on where you work. Some managing styles are strictly hierarchical. Other managing styles can be more casual and relaxed, where the manager may act more like a team member rather than a strict boss. Many researchers have created a more scientific approach in studying these different approaches to managing. In the 1960s, researcher Henry Mintzberg created a seminal organisational model using three categories. These categories represent three major functional approaches, which are designated as interpersonal, informational and decisional.Introduced Category 1: INTERPERSONAL ROLES. Interpersonal roles require managers to direct and supervise employees and the organisation. The figurehead is typically a top of middle manager. This manager may communicate future organisational goals or ethical guidelines to employees at company meetings. They also attend ribbon-cutting ceremonies, host receptions, presentations and other activities associated with the figurehead role. A leader acts as an example for other employees to follow, gives commands and directions to subordinates, makes decisions, and mobilises employee support. They are also responsible for the selection and training of employees. Managers must be leaders at all levels of the organisation; often lower-level managers look to top management for this leadership example. In the role of liaison, a manager must coordinate the work of others in different work units, establish alliances between others, and work to share resources. This role is particularly critical for middle managers, who must often compete with other managers for important resources, yet must maintain successful working relationships with them for long time periods.Introduced Category 2: INFORMATIONAL ROLES. Informational roles are those in which managers obtain

and transmit information. These roles have changed dramatically as technology has improved. The monitor evaluates the performance of others and takes corrective action to improve that performance. Monitors also watch for changes in the environment and within the company that may affect individual and organisational performance. Monitoring occurs at all levels of management. The role of disseminator requires that managers inform employees of changes that affect them and the organisation. They also communicate the company’s vision and purpose.Introduced Category 3: DECISIONAL ROLES. Decisional roles require managers to plan strategy and utilise resources. There are four specific roles that are decisional. The entrepreneur role requires the manager to assign resources to develop innovative goods and services, or to expand a business. The disturbance handler corrects unanticipated problems facing the organisation from the internal or external environment. The third decisional role, that of resource allocator, involves determining which work units will get which resources. Top managers are likely to make large, overall budget decisions, while middle managers may make more specific allocations. Finally, the negotiator works with others, such as suppliers, distributors, or labor unions, to reach agreements regarding products and services.Although Mintzberg’s initial research in 1960s helped categorise manager approaches, Mintzberg was still concerned about research involving other roles in the workplace. Minstzberg considered expanding his research to other roles, such as the role of disseminator, figurehead, liaison and spokesperson. Each role would have different special characteristics, and a new categorisation system would have to be made for each role to understand it properly.While Mintzberg’s initial research was helpful in starting the conversation, there has since been criticism of his methods from other researchers. Some criticisms of the work were that even though there were multiple categories, the role of manager is still more complex. There are still many manager roles that are not as traditional and are not captured in Mintzberg’s original three categories. In addition, sometimes, Mintzberg’s research was not always effective. The research, when applied to real-life situations, did not always improve the management process in real-life practice.These two criticisms against Mintzberg’s research method raised some questions about whether or not the research was useful to how we understand “managers” in today’s world. However, even if the criticisms against Mintzberg’s work are true, it does not mean that the original research from the 1960s is completely useless. Those researchers did not say Mintzberg’s research is invalid. His research has two positive functions to the further research.The first positive function is Mintzberg provided a useful functional approach to analyse management. And he used this approach to provide a clear concept of the role of manager to the researcher. When researching human behavior, it is important to be concise about the subject of the research. Mintzberg’s research has helped other researchers clearly define what a “manager” is, because in real-life situations, the “manager” is not always the same position title. Mintzberg’s definitions added clarity and precision to future research on the topic.The second positive function is Mintzberg’s research could be regarded as a good beginning to give a new insight to further research on this field in the future. Scientific research is always a gradual

process. Just because Mintzberg’s initial research had certain flaws, does not mean it is useless to other researchers. Researchers who are interested in studying the workplace in a systematic way have older research to look back on. A researcher doesn’t have to start from the very beginning— older research like Mintzberg’s have shown what methods work well and what methods are not as appropriate for workplace dynamics. As more young professionals enter the job market, this research will continue to study and change the way we think about the modern workplace.Questions 1-6Look at the following discriptions or deeds (Questions 1-6) and the list of categories below.Match each description or deed with the correct category, A, B or C.Write the correct letter, A, B, or C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of CategoriesA INTERPERSONAL ROLES B INFORMATIONAL ROLES C DECISIONAL ROLES

1． the development of business scheme A． B． C．

正确答案：C

解析：题干说：负责企业的发展计划。猜测可能为决策角色。原文第5段提到“The entrepreneur role requires the manager to assign resources to develop innovative goods and services，or to expand a business．”这里“entrepreneur role”属于decisional role。因此， 本题的答案为C。

2． presiding at formal events A． B． C．

正确答案：A

解析：题干说：负责主持正式活动。猜测可能为人际角色。原文第3段提到“They also attend ribbon—cutting ceremonies，host receptions，presentations and other activities associated with the figurehead role．”这里三种形式的活动都为正式的。因此，本题的答案为A。

3． using employees and funds A．

B． C．

正确答案：C

解析：题干说：负责派遣员工及分配资金。猜测可能为决策角色。同样在第5段提到“… utilise resources”以及具体的“…resource allocator,involves determining which work units will get which resources．Top managers are likely to make large，overall budget decisions，while middle managers may make more specific allocations”，无论是“employees”， 还是“funds”都属于“resources”。因此，本题的答案为C。

4． getting and passing message on to related persons A． B． C．

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：负责获取并为相关人员传达信息。猜测可能为信息角色。原文第4段提到 “Informational roles are those in which managers obtain and transmit information．”这里 “obtain and transmit information”与题干“getting and passing message on”为同义替换。 因此，本题的答案为B。

5． relating the information to employees and organisation A． B． C．

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：负责将信息与员工和机构进行联系。猜测可能为信息角色。原文第4段 提到“The role of disseminator requires that managers inform employees of changes that affect them and the organisation．”因此，本题的答案为B。

6． recruiting the staff A． B． C．

正确答案：A 解析：题干说：负责招募员工。猜测可能为人际角色。原文第3段提到“They are also responsible for the selection and training of employees．”这个是leader需要完成的工作， 属于人际角色的部分。因此，本题的答案为A。

Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 7 and 8 on your answer sheet.Which TWO positive functions about Mintzberg’s research are mentioned in the last two paragraphs?A offers waterproof categories of managersB provides a clear concept to define the role of a managerC helps new graduates to design their careerD suggests ways for managers to do their job betterE makes a fresh way for further research

7． A． B． C． D． E．

正确答案：B

解析：原文倒数第2段中提到了明茨伯格的贡献之一是界定了何为管理者，即“The first positive fuction is…Mintzberg’s research has helped other researchers clearly define what a ‘manager’is”，该表述的意思同B项。最后一段提到“The second positive function is Mintzberg’s research could be regarded as a good beginning to give a new insight to further research on this field in the future．”这里“give a new insight to”与E项“make a fresh way for”为同义替换，与E项内容相符。因此，本题的答案为BE。

8． A． B． C． D． E．

正确答案：E

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 9-13 on you answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

9． Young professionals can easily know management experience in the work place.

A．TRUE B．FALSE

C．NOT GIVEN

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：有专业技能的年轻人很容易在职场中了解到管理上的经验。根据题干关键 词“Young professionals”和“management experience”定位到原文第1段第5句“However, these promotions can be few and far between，leaving many young professionals unfamiliar with management experience．”(然而，能获得此类晋升的人少之又少，也因此使得许 多年轻人缺乏管理经验。)明显，题干表述与原文相悖。因此，本题的答案为False。

10． Mintzberg’s theory broke well-established notions about managing styles. A．TRUE B．FALSE

C．NOT GIVEN

正确答案：A

解析：题干说：明茨伯格的理论打破了关于管理风格的传统看法。根据题干关键词“manag ing styles”定位到原文第2段，发现“In the 1960s，researcher Henry Mintzberg created a seminal organisational model using three categories”这句话，这里“create”意为“建 造，创建”，是说这项组织模型具有创新性，题干表述与原文相符。因此，本题的答 案为True。

11． Mintzberg got a large amount of research funds for his contribution. A．TRUE B．FALSE

C．NOT GIVEN

正确答案：C

解析：题干说：明茨伯格因为自己的贡献获得了大量的研究基金。然而通读原文，发现文 中只讲到明茨伯格的管理者角色分类理论，并未涉及他的研究基金问题。因此，本 题的答案为Not Given。

12． All managers do the same work. A．TRUE

B．FALSE

C．NOT GIVEN

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：所有的管理者从事一样的工作。原文通篇介绍了明茨伯格的管理者角色理 论，其创建的三种类别的管理者角色具体职责各有不同，文中也有相应的论述。因此， 本题的答案为False。

13． Mintzberg’s theory is invalid in the future studies. A．TRUE B．FALSE

C．NOT GIVEN

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：明茨伯格的理论对未来研究没有价值。根据题干关键词“invalid”和“future studies”定位到原文第8段，提到“However, even if the criticisms against Mintzberg’s work are true，it does not mean that the original research from the 1960s is completely useless．Those researchers did not say Mintzberg’s research is invalid…”，明显题干表述 与其相悖。因此，本题的答案为False。

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.How Well Do We Concentrate?A Do you read while listening to music? Do you like to watch TV while finishing your homework? People who have these kinds of habits are called multi-taskers. Multi-taskers are able to complete two tasks at the same time by dividing their focus. However, Thomas Lehman, a researcher in Psychology, believes people never really do multiple things simultaneously. Maybe a person is reading while listening to music, but in reality, the brain can only focus on one task. Reading the words in a book will cause you to ignore some of the words of the music. When people think they are accomplishing two different tasks efficiently, what they are really doing is dividing their focus. While listening to music, people become less able to focus on their surroundings. For example, we all have experience of times when we talk with friends and they are not responding properly. Maybe they are listening to someone else talk, or maybe they are reading a text on their smart phone and don’t hear what you are saying. Lehman called this phenomenon “email voice”.B The world has been changed by computers and its spin-offs like smart-phones or cellphones. Now that most individuals have a personal device, like a smart-phone or a laptop, they are frequently reading, watching or listening to virtual information. This raises the occurrence of multitasking in our day to day life. Now when you work, you work with your typewriter, your cellphone, and some colleagues who may drop by at any time to speak with you. In professional meetings, when one normally focuses and listens to one another, people are more likely to have a cell phone in their lap, reading or communicating silently with more people than ever. Even inventions such as the cordless phone has increased

multitasking. In the old days, a traditional wall phone would ring, and then the housewife would have to stop her activities to answer it. When it rang, the housewife will sit down with her legs up, and chat, with no laundry or sweeping or answering the door. In the modern era, our technology is convenient enough to not interrupt our daily tasks.C Earl Miller, an expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied the prefrontal cortex, which controls the brain while a person is multitasking. According to his studies, the size of this cortex varies between species. He found that for humans, the size of this part constitutes one third of the brain, while it is only 4 to 5 percent in dogs, and about 15% in monkeys. Given that this cortex is larger on a human, it allows a human to be more flexible and accurate in his or her multitasking. However, Miller wanted to look further into whether the cortex was truly processing information about two different tasks simultaneously. He designed an experiment where he presents visual stimulants to his subjects in a way that mimics multi-tasking. Miller then attached sensors to the patients’ heads to pick up the electric patterns of the brain. This sensor would show if the brain particles, called neurons, were truly processing two different tasks. What he found is that the brain neurons only lit up in singular areas one at a time, and never simultaneously.D Davis Meyer, a professor of University of Michigan, studied the young adults in a similar experiment. He instructed mem to simultaneously do math problems and classify simple words into different categories. For this experiment, Meyer found that when you think you are doing several jobs at the same time, you are actually switching between jobs. Even though the people tried to do the tasks at the same time, and both tasks were eventually accomplished, overall, the task took more time than if the person focused on a single task one at a time.E People sacrifice efficiency when multitasking. Gloria Mark set office workers as his subjects. He found mat they were constantly multitasking. He observed that nearly every 11 minutes people at work were disrupted. He found that doing different jobs at the same time may actually save time. However, despite the fact that they are faster, it does not mean they are more efficient. And we are equally likely to self-interrupt as be interrupted by outside sources. He found that in office nearly every 12 minutes an employee would stop and with no reason at all, check a website on their computer, call someone or write an email. If they concentrated for more than 20 minutes, they would feel distressed. He suggested that the average person may suffer from a short concentration span. This short attention span might be natural, but others suggest that new technology may be the problem. With cellphones and computers at our sides at all times, people will never run out of distractions. The format of media, such as advertisements, music, news articles and TV shows are also shortening, so people are used to paying attention to information for a very short time.F So even though focusing on one single task is the most efficient way for our brains to work, it is not practical to use this method in real life. According to human nature, people feel more comfortable and efficient in environments with a variety of tasks. Edward Hallowell said that people are losing a lot of efficiency in the workplace due to multitasking, outside distractions and self-distractions. As a matter of fact, the changes made to the workplace do not have to be dramatic. No one is suggesting we ban e-mail or make employees focus on only

one task. However, certain common workplace tasks, such as group meetings, would be more efficient if we banned cell-phones, a common distraction. A person can also apply these tips to prevent self-distraction. Instead of arriving to your office and checking all of your e-mails for new tasks, a common workplace ritual, a person could dedicate an hour to a single task first thing in the morning. Self-timing is a great way to reduce distraction and efficiently finish tasks one by one, instead of slowing ourselves down with multi-tasking.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14． a reference to a domestic situation that does not require multitasking

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：描述一个家庭场景，其中不存在多任务。根据题干关键词“domestic situ ation”猜测答案段应该会有家庭相关场景的描述，从而定位到原文B段“In the old days，a traditional wall phone would ring，and then the housewife would have to stop her activities to answer it．When it rang，the housewife will sit down with her legs up，and chat， with no laundry or sweeping or answering the door．”其中“housewife”这个词也暗含了 家庭场景。因此，本题的答案为B。

15． a possible explanation of why we always do multitask together

正确答案：E

解析：题干说：解释为何我们总是进行多任务。根据题干“我们常出现一心多用的可能性 解释”，可以猜测答案段会有这一现象会出现的原因及具体阐释，从而定位到原文E段“…but others suggerst that new technology may be the problem．With cellphones and computers at our sides at all times，people will never run out of distractions．The format of media，such as advertisements，music，news articles and TV shows are also shortening，SO people are used to paying attention to information for a very short time．”这句是说现代人 已经非常习惯于短平快的阅读，进而可能影响到人们的多任务操作。需要注意的是， 原文B段可能会对选择产生干扰，但该段只是提及科技等的发明使得一心多用的情 况增多了，并未明确原因及做出具体说明。因此，本题的答案为E。

16． a practical solution to multitask in work environment

正确答案：F

解析：题干说：工作场所多任务的可操作性解决办法。根据题干关键词“practical”和“work environment”猜测答案段应该会描述工作场所或场合应该如何进行多任务，从而定 位到原文最后一段F段“Self-timing is a great way to reduce distraction and efficiently finish tasks one by one，instead of slowing ourselves down with multi—tasking．”这一段主 要讨论了可能的解决办法。因此，本题的答案为F。

17． relating multitasking to the size of prefrontal cortex

正确答案：C

解析：题干说：将多任务与前额叶皮质的大小相关联。根据题干专有名词“prefrontal cortex”很容易定位到原文C段，然后找到相关描述“Given that this cortex is larger on a human，it allows a human to be more flexible and accurate in his or her multitasking．” 因此，本题的答案为C。

18． longer time spent doing two tasks at the same time than one at a time

正确答案：D

解析：题干说：同时完成两个任务的时间要长于单独完成两个任务的时间。根据题干关键 信息“at the same time”和“once at a time”猜测答案段会出现这两个时间上的比较， 从而定位到原文D段“Even though the people tried to do the tasks at the same time，and both tasks were eventually accomplished，overall，the task took more time than if the person focused on a single task one at a time．”因此，本题的答案为D。

Look at the following statements (Questions 19-23) and the list of scientists below.Match each statement with the correct scientist, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of Scientists A Thomas Lehman B Earl Miller C David Meyer D Gloria Mark E Edward Hallowell

19． When faced multiple visual stimulants, one can only concentrate on one of them.

A． B． C． D． E．

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：当面对多种视觉刺激物时，人只能专注于其中一件事物。根据题干关键 词“visual stimulus”(视觉刺激物)提示，扫读后可定位到原文C段，而C段只讲到 Earl Miller的研究。因此，本题的答案为B。

20． Doing two things together may be faster but not better. A．

B． C． D． E．

正确答案：D

解析：题干说：同时做两件事情的可能速度快，但是质量不一定高。通过扫读文章可以看 到原文E段有这样一句话“He found that doing different jobs at the same time may actually save time．However,despite the fact that they are faster,it does not mean they are more efficient．”这里“efficient”与题干“better”为同义替换。此部分讲的是Gloria Mark 的研究。因此，本题的答案为D。

21． People never really do two things together even if you think you do. A． B． C． D． E．

正确答案：A

解析：题干说：人们绝不像他们所想象得那样同时做两件事情。通过扫读文章可以看到原 文A段有这样一句话“However,Thomas Lehman，a researcher in Psychology,believes people never really do multiple things simultaneously．”这里“simultaneously”与题干 “together”为同义替换。此部分讲的是Thomas Lehman的研究。因此，本题的答案 为A。

22． The causes of multitask lie in the environment. A． B． C． D． E．

正确答案：E

解析：题干说：多任务的原因在于环境。通过阅读原文，我们大概可以了解

到，F段主要 讨论了环境对多任务的影响，进而定位到这句话“According to human nature，people feel more comfortable and efficient in environments with a variety of tasks．”此部分讲的 是Edward Hallowell的研究。因此，本题的答案为E。

23． Even minor changes in the workplace will improve work efficiency. A． B． C． D． E．

正确答案：E

解析：题干说：即便是小小的调整都能够提高工作场所的工作效率。根据题干关键词“minor changes”和“work efficiency”定位到原文F段“However,the changes made to the workplace do not have to be dramatic．”这里“not…dramatic”与题干“minor”为同义替换， 此部分观点也源自Edward Hallowell的研究。因此，本题的答案为E。

Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

24． A term used to refer to a situation when you are reading a text and cannot focus on your surroundings is______.

正确答案：email voice 解析：题干问：描述阅读文本时不能专注于周围情况这一现象的术语是什么?根据题干关 键词“term”和“reading a text”定位到原文A段最后，雷曼提出了“email voice” 这种现象，即为本题答案。

25． The______part of the brain controls multitasking.

正确答案：prefrontal cortex

解析：题干问：大脑的哪个部分控制多任务?根据题干关键词“brain”定位到原文C段， 发现该段开头指出“prefrontal codex”的功能正是控制人们的多任务活动。因此，本 题的答案为prefrontal cortex。

26． The practical solution of multitask in work is not to allow use of cellphone in______.

正确答案：group meetings 解析：题干问：解决工作中的多任务问题是不允许在什么工作场合使用手机?之前第16 题出现过类似问题，我们可以将答案定位到原文F段，通过扫读，发现“However, certain common workplace tasks，such as group meetings，would be more efficient if we banned cell—phones，a common distraction”这句，这里“banned”与题干“not allow” 为同义替换。需要注意的是，并非所有的工作场合都不让使用手机，只是某些 常见工作场合禁止使用手机。因此，本题的答案为group meetings。

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Improving Patient SafetyPackagingOne of the most prominent design issues in pharmacy is that of drug packaging and patient information leaflets (PILs). Many letters have appeared in The Journal’s letters pages over the years from pharmacists dismayed at the designs of packaging that are “accidents waiting to happen”.Packaging design in the pharmaceutical industry is handled by either in-house teams or design agencies. Designs for over-the-counter medicines, where characteristics such as attractiveness and distinguish-ability are regarded as significant, are usually commissioned from design agencies. A marketing team will prepare a brief and the designers will come up with perhaps six or seven designs. These are whittled down to two or three that might be tested on a consumer group. In contrast, most designs for prescription-only products are created in-house. In some cases, this may simply involve applying a company’s house design (ie, logo, colour, font, etc). The chosen design is then handed over to design engineers who work out how the packaging will be produced.Design considerationsThe author of the recently published “Information design for patient safety,” Thea Swayne, tracked the journey of a medicine from manufacturing plant, through distribution warehouses, pharmacies and hospital wards, to patients’ homes. Her book highlights a multitude of design problems with current packaging, such as look-alikes and sound-alikes, small type sizes and glare on blister foils. Situations in which medicines are used include a parent giving a cough medicine to a child in the middle of the night and a busy pharmacist selecting one box from hundreds. It is argued that packaging should be designed for moments such as these. “Manufacturers are not aware of the complex situations into which products go. As designers, we are interested in not what is supposed to happen in [hospital] wards, but what happens in the real world,” Ms Swayne said.Incidents where vein has been injected intrathecally instead of spine are a classic example of how poor design can contribute to harm. Investigations following these tragedies have attributed some blame to poor typescript.Safety and complianceChild protection is another area that gives designers opportunities to improve safety. According to the Child Accident Prevention Trust, seven out of 10 children admitted to hospital with suspected poisoning have swallowed medicines. Although child-resistant closures have reduced the number of incidents, they are not fully child-proof. The definition of such a closure is one that not more than 15 percent of children aged between 42 and 51 months can open within five minutes. There is scope for improving what is currently available, according to Richard Mawle, a

freelance product designer. “Many child-resistant packs are based on strength. They do not necessarily prevent a child from access, but may prevent people with a disability,” he told The Journal. “The legal requirements are there for a good reason, but they are not good enough in terms of the users,” he said. “Older people, especially those with arthritis, may have the same level of strength as a child,” he explained, and suggested that better designs could rely on cognitive skills (eg, making the opening of a container a three-step process) or be based on the physical size of hands.Mr. Mawle worked with GlaxoSmithKline on a project to improve compliance through design, which involved applying his skills to packaging and PILs. Commenting on the information presented, he said: “There can be an awful lot of junk at the beginning of PILs. For example, why are company details listed towards the beginning of a leaflet when what might be more important for the patient is that the medicine should not be taken with alcohol?”Design principles and guidelinesLook-alike boxes present a potential for picking errors and an obvious solution would be to use colours to highlight different strengths. However, according to Ms.Swayne, colour differentiation needs to be approached with care. Not only should strong colour contrasts be used, but designating a colour to a particular strength (colour coding) is not recommended because this could lead to the user not reading the text on a box.Design features can provide the basis for lengthy debates. For example, one argument is that if all packaging is white with black lettering, people would have no choice but to read every box carefully. The problem is that trials of drug packaging design are few—common studies of legibility and comprehensibility concern road traffic signs and visual display units. Although some designers take results from such studies into account, proving that a particular feature is beneficial can be difficult. For example, EU legislation requires that packaging must now include the name of the medicine in Braille but, according to Karel van der Waarde, a design consultant to the pharmaceutical industry, “it is not known how much visually impaired patients will benefit nor how much the reading of visually able patients will be impaired”.More evidence might, however, soon be available. EU legislation requires PILs to reflect consultations with target patient groups to ensure they are legible, clear and easy to use. This implies that industry will have to start conducting tests. Dr. van der Waarde has performed readability studies on boxes and PILs for industry. A typical study involves showing a leaflet or package to a small group and asking them questions to test understanding. Results and comments are used to modify the material, which is then tested on a larger group. A third group is used to show that any further changes made are an improvement. Dr. van der Waarde is, however, sceptical about the legal requirements and says that many regulatory authorities do not have the resources to handle packaging information properly. “They do not look at the use of packaging in a practical context—they only see one box at a time and not several together as pharmacists would do,” he said.InnovationsThe RCA innovation exhibition this year revealed designs for a number of innovative objects. “The popper”, by Hugo Glover, aims to help arthritis sufferers remove tablets from blister packs, and “pluspoint”, by James Cobb, is an adrenaline auto-injector that aims to overcome the fact that many patients do not carry their auto-injectors due to their prohibitive size. The aim of good

design, according Roger Coleman, professor of inclusive design at the RCA, is to try to make things more user-friendly as well as safer. Surely, in a patient-centred health system, that can only be a good thing. “Information design for patient safety” is not intended to be mandatory. Rather, its purpose is to create a basic design standard and to stimulate innovation. The challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, as a whole, is to adopt such a standard.Questions 27-32Look at the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people or organisation below.Match each statement with the correct person or organisation, A-D.Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.A Thea SwayneB Children Accident Prevention TrustC Richard MawleD Karel van der Waarde

27． Elderly people may have the same problem with children if the lids of containers require too much strength to open.

A． B． C． D．

正确答案：C

解析：题干说：如果药品盒的盖子需要很大力气打开，那么老人将与儿童同样无法打开。 根据题干关键词“Elderly people”定位到标题“Safety and compliance”下第1段“Many child-resistant packs are based on strength．They do not necessarily prevent a child from access，but may prevent people with a disability；Older people，especially those with arthritis，may have the same level of strength as a child．”这两句话的意思与题干一致，往回 阅读就可以发现这是Richard Mawle的观点。因此，本题的答案为C。

28． Adapting packaging for the blind may disadvantage the sighted people. A． B． C． D．

正确答案：D

解析：题干说：为盲人调整包装可能会对视力正常的人不利。根据题干关键词“the blind” 可定位到标题“Design principles and guidelines”下第2段，发现该段最后一句话“it is not known how much visually impaired patients will benefit

nor how much the reading of visually able patients will be impaired”。该句意思基本与题干一致，很明显这句是 Karel van der Waarde所说。因此，本题的答案为D。

29． Specially designed lids cannot eliminate the possibility of children swallowing pills accidentally.

A． B． C． D．

正确答案：B

解析：题干说：专门设计的盖子未能确保避免儿童意外地吞服药品。根据题干大概可 猜测这一描述应该会在标题“Safety and compliance”下出现，很容易找到这句话 “Although child-resistant closures have reduced the number of incidents，they are not fully child-proof．”这里“reduce the number of”与题干“elimiante the possibility”为同义替 换，child-proof可以理解为防止童意外吞服药品。该句意思与题干一致，是Child Accident Prevention Trust的观点。因此，本题的答案为B。

30． Container design should consider situations, such as drug used at home. A． B． C． D．

正确答案：A

解析：题干说：药盒设计要考虑不同情境，比如药品可能在家里使用。通过题干大概可猜 测这一描述应该位于“Design considerations”标题下，根据题干关键词“situations” 找到“‘Manufacturers are not aware of the complex situations into which products go．As designers，we are interested in not what is supposed to happen in[hospital]wards，but what happens in the real world，’Ms．Swayne said．”这句话。因此，本题的答案为A。

31． Governing bodies should investigate many different container cases rather than individual ones.

A． B．

C． D．

正确答案：D

解析：题干说：管理机构应该研究多种药盒案例，而不是单个案例。我们在标题“Design principles and guidelines”下找到“Dr．van der Waarde is，however,sceptical about the legal requirements and says that many regulatory authorities do not have the resources to handle packaging information properly．”They do not look at the use of packaging in a practical context-they only see one box at a time and not several together as pharmacists would do，’he said．”这里“regulatory authorities”与题干“governing bodies”为同义替换， 其表述的意思与题干一致。因此，本题的答案为D。

32． Information on the list of a leaflet hasn’t been in the right order. A． B． C． D．

正确答案：C

解析：题干说：药品说明中的信息顺序不对。全篇唯一的一个谈到关于药品说明书中信息 顺序是在标题“Safety and compliance”下第2段，其中这样一句话“For example， why are company details listed towards the beginning of a leaflet when what might be more important for the patient is that the medicine should not be taken with alcohol?”这个例 子中说药品说明开头注明了公司信息，却没有把药品使用中最重要的信息放在开头， 即体现了药品说明中的信息顺序不对，这一段是Richard Mawle的观点。因此，本题 的答案为C。

Complete the notes using the list of words, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet. Packaging in pharmaceutical industryDesigns for over-the-counter medicinesFirst, 【R33】______make the proposal, then pass them to the 【R34】______. Finally, these designs will be tested by 【R35】______.Prescription-onlyFirst, the design is made by 【R36】______and then subjected to 【R37】______.A consumers B marketing teams C pharmaceutical industryD external designers E in-house designers F design engineers G pharmacist

33． 【R33】

正确答案：B

解析：根据第2段第3句“a marketing team will prepare a brief”，也就是说“marketing team”提出建议。因此，本题的答案为B。

34． 【R34】

正确答案：D 解析：该段第2句“over-the-counter medicines”的设计是由“design agencies”负责，涉及 外部的设计者。因此，本题的答案为D。

35． 【R35】

正确答案：A

解析：根据顺序原则，往后阅读发现这些设计最终“be tested on a consumer group”。因此， 本题的答案为A。

36． 【R36】

正确答案：E

解析：根据顺序原则，接下来提到“prescription-only”的药盒设计多数由内部设计人员完 成的。因此，本题的答案为E。

37． 【R37】

正确答案：F

解析：根据顺序原则，接下来提到“prescription-only”的药盒设计由“design engineers”验 收。因此，本题的答案为F。

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

38． What may cause the accident in “design container”? A．a print error B．style of print C．wrong label

D．the shape of the bottle

正确答案：B 解析：题干问：什么导致药盒设计会引发意外?原文在“Design considerations”标题下讨 论了由于药盒设计带来的药品误用事故，扫读该标题下的两段，可以发现最后一句 话写到“Investigations following these tragedies have attributed some blame to poor typescript．”这里“typescript”主要是指字体风格，同B选项“style of print”。因此，本题 的答案为B。

39． What do people think about the black and white only print? A．Consumers dislike these products.

B．People have to pay more attention to the information. C．That makes all products looks alike. D．Sighted people may feel it more helpful.

正确答案：B

解析：题干问：人们如何评价药盒上只有黑白字迹?通过题干可大胆猜测这个问题属于药 盒设计原则的问题，因此可以在“Design principles and guidelines”标题下寻找答案。 扫读发现“For example，one argument is that if all packaging is white with black lettering， people would have no choice but to read every box carefully”，通过这句可以知道如果药 盒只有黑白字迹，人们会更加仔细阅读，也就更加关注信息。因此，本题的答案为B。

40． Why does the writer mention “popper” and “pluspoint”? A．to show that container design has made some progress

B．to illustrate an example of inappropriate design which can lead to accidents C．to show that the industry still needs more to improve

D．to point out that consumers should be more informed about the information

正确答案：A

解析：题干问：作者为什么会提到“波普”和“波普尔”?通过题干“popper”和“pluspoint” 这两个关键词可以定位原文的最后一段。仔细阅读本段话，可以发现这两种药盒被 看作是“a number of innovative objects”中的一种，而其目的是“to try to make things more user-friendly as well as safer”，据此可以看出来作者列举这两个例子是为了说明药盒设计已经取得了一些进步。因此，本题的答案为A。