考研英语(阅读)-试卷30

(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)

1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：

2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：

Come on—Everybody\" s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. \"Dare to be different, please don\"t smoke!\" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it\"s presented here is that it doesn\"t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There\" s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It\"s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that\"s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.（分数：10.00） (1).According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as（分数：2.00） A.a supplement to the social cure. B.a stimulus to group dynamics. C.an obstacle to social progress. D.a cause of undesirable behaviors. √

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位到文章第一段。文中有一句It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex，句中usually与题干中的often对应，leads to与D项中的cause对应，drinking，drugs and casual sex与D项中的否定成分undesirable behaviors对应，故D项“不良行为的诱因”正

确，它是对原文的同义替换。A项“社会治疗的补充”、B项“群体活力的刺激”都是罗森伯格的新观点。C项“学校进步的障碍”是针对文章最后一段出的干扰项，且属于过度推断。 (2).Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should（分数：2.00） A.recruit professional advertisers. B.learn from advertisers\" experience. √ C.stay away from commercial advertisers. D.recognize the limitations of advertisements.

解析：解析：细节题。根据关键词public—health advocates定位到第三段。最后一句说Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers，句中argues和题干中的holds对应，public—health advocates和题干中的public advocates对应，ought to和should对应，且句中的take a page from与B项的learn from属于同义替换。所以，B项“学习广告人的经验”为正确答案。文中罗森伯格的态度是对健康运动倡导者表示批评，对广告人表示欣赏，C项“远离商业广告人”、D项“认识到广告的局限性”都与其态度相反。A项“招募职业广告人”原文根本没有提及。 (3).In the author\"s view, Rosenberg\" s book fails to（分数：2.00） A.adequately probe social and biological factors. √ B.effectively evade the flaws of the social cure. C.illustrate the functions of state funding. D.produce a long-lasting social effect.

解析：解析：推断题。题干“在作者看来，Rosenberg的书未能______”，本题是要问在作者眼中这本书的缺点，因此定位到文章第四段。第二句Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful．(书中充斥着太多无关的细节，却没有充分探索那些使同侪压力如此强大的社会和生物因素)，只有A项“(未能)充分探究社会和生物因素”信息与之吻合，fails to adequately probe social and biological factors 就是对原文not enough exploration of the social and biological factors的同义再现。B项“(未能)有效避免社会治疗的缺点”原文未提，C项“(未能)阐释资助的功能”和D项“(未能)产生持久的社会效果”属于张冠李戴。

(4).Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors（分数：2.00） A.is harmful to our networks of friends. B.will mislead behavioral studies. C.occurs without our realizing it. √ D.can produce negative health habits.

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干以及关键词imitation of behaviors定位到文章第五段。最后一句提到：我们会无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为。C项中(imitation of behaviors)occurs without our realizing it是对原文we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see的改写，因此C项“发生于我们没有意识到的时候”正确。A项“对我们的朋友圈有害”属于过度引申。B项“会误导行为科学研究”原文未提。D项“会产生不良的健康习惯”属于以偏概全。

(5).The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is（分数：2.00） A.harmful. B.desirable. C.profound. D.questionable. √

解析：解析：态度题。这道题考查作者对于同侪压力影响的态度。最后一段第一句话指出，专家和能在多大程度上选择我们的同侪群体并能引导其行为走上正确的道德方向是难以确定的（far less certain），接下来以教师让搞蛋鬼们换座和好学生坐在一起为例子说明“这个策略从来没有真正起作用”。从这里我们可以看出，作者对于同侪压力是否能有效果其实是持怀疑态度的，故答案选D“可疑的”。A项“有害的”、B项“有利的”、C项“深刻的”均不正确。

It\"s no surprise that Jennifer Senior\"s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, \"I love My Children, I Hate My Life,\" is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching

experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that \"the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.\" The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive—and newly single—mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual \"Jennifer Aniston is pregnant\" news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn\"t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn\"t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their \"own\" (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake. It\"s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it\"s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren\"t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting \"the Rachel\" might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.（分数：10.00）

(1).Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring（分数：2.00） A.temporary delight. B.enjoyment in progress. C.happiness in retrospect. √ D.lasting reward.

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第一段最后一句，Jennifer Senior在此句话中指出，正是那些当时压抑我们的琐事，日后却成为满足和欢乐的源泉。要注意此句话中的“later”，而C项中“in retrospect”，意为“回顾往事，回想”，符合题意。A、D两项根据文中的“moment-to-moment joy”和“intense gratification and delight”的字面含义，设置了一对相反的干扰项；B项属于反向干扰。 (2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that（分数：2.00） A.celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. B.single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. C.news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. D.having children is highly valued by the public. √

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第二、三段，第二段列举了很多常见的新闻或杂志关于母亲和孩子的例子，段末特别强调“每周至少会有一位名人母亲或者准母亲的报道在杂志上笑迎读者”。而且在第三段首句接着第二段提到“在一个如此赞扬生育的社会中”，这是一个承上启下的句子，是对第二段的总结，也符合第一段以及第二段对养育孩子的正面评价。D项是对原文赞扬生育的同义替换，为正确答案。 (3).It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks（分数：2.00） A.are constantly exposed to criticism. √ B.are largely ignored by the media.

C.fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.

D.are less likely to be satisfied with their life.

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第三段，首句指出，这个社会不断的颂扬生育；随后讲有孩子的人不会去考虑他们是不是不该有孩子，而没有孩子的人却经常受到困扰：世界上唯一重要的是孩子。这两句话原文都使用了被动语态，强调的是外界因素让他们去思考，受到困扰。最后一句话强调，没有孩子的人们，他们的痛苦就直接来源于生活中缺少孩子。社会如此看重孩子，而他们又没有孩子，深受外界困扰，因此可以判断他们经常受到批评。故A项为正确答案。B、C、D项在文中根本没有提及。

(4).According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is（分数：2.00） A.soothing. B.ambiguous. C.compensatory. D.misleading. √

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第四段，首句就讲到这些名人杂志所传达的形象“the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic”。其大意为：《美国周刊》、《人物》这样的杂志所提供的名人父母的形象非常不切实际。原文中使用了“hugely unrealistic”，由此可见，名人杂志中传达的信息和现实相悖，具有误导性，故D项为正确答案。其他选项均脱离文意。

(5).Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00） A.Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. B.Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. √ C.Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. D.We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章最后一段首句，其大意为：Reese和Angelina这种名流使生孩子这件事变得如此体面光鲜，很难想象，有的人天真到居然相信他们而去生孩子。从这句话可以判断，有些人起初并不想生孩子，但一些名人把生孩子变成一件光彩体面的事情，而这些人模仿名人生儿育女。由此可以推断，名人会影响普通人看待生养孩子的态度。因此 B项为正确答案。

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today\"s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren\"t likely to get any taller. \"In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we\"ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,\" says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5 \"9\" for men, 5\"4\" for women—hasn \"t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. \"There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,\" says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. Genetic maximums can change, but don\"t expect this to happen soon. Claire

C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, \"you could use today\"s data and feel fairly confident.\"（分数：10.00） (1).Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to（分数：2.00） A.illustrate the change of height of NBA players. √ B.show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.. C.compare different generations of NBA players. D.assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

解析：解析：细节题。要回到原文去找关键句并看上下文。从文中第一段“…listed at over seven feet．If he had…The bodies…changed dramatically over the years”可以看出此段主要讲述NBA球员身高的变化，因此A项正确。文章没有提及NBA球员的“受欢迎程度”或“成就”，因此排除B、D项。C项说法太泛。另外从文章中心来看，也可以排出B、C、D项。

(2).Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?（分数：2.00） A.Genetic modification. B.Natural environment. C.Living standards. √ D.Daily exercise.

解析：解析：细节题。从第三段“but as diet and health improved，children and adolescents have increased in height by…”可以看出人的身高和生活水平以及营养水平是有很大关系的，因此C项正确，living standards是calories、nutrients、protein、nutrition、diet and health的上义词。A项、B项、D项所涉及的genetic modification，natural environment和daily exercise文中并没有提到。 (3).On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?（分数：2.00） A.Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation. B.Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. √ C.Americans are the tallest on average in the world. D.Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

解析：解析：细节题。根据出题顺序定位到第四段。段中提到real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture(对身高的是由遗传结构决定的)，可见直立行走的姿势是身高的遗传因素之一，选B项。其他三项均是对原文的曲解。

(4).We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future（分数：2.00） A.the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size. B.the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged. C.genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen. D.the existing data of human height will still be applicable. √

解析：解析：细节题。最后一段Claire C．Gordon提到90％的制服和工作间仍将会适合新招人员，这就暗示了D项所提到的内容“现在的人类身高数据将来仍会适用”是正确的。另外，可以依据排除法可以知道A、B、C项不正确。

(5).The text intends to tell us that（分数：2.00） A.the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern. B.human height is becoming even more predictable. C.Americans have reached their genetic growth limit. √ D.the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

解析：解析：主旨题。本文先指出美国人的身高总体上已经停止了增长，然后分析了影响身高增长的因素，因此C项“美国人已经达到他们身高的遗传极限”为正确选项。A、B项断章取义，D项表述不正确。 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping

ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California\"s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California\"s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect\"s purse. The court has ruled that police don\" t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one\" s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee\" s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of \"cloud computing\Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution\" s prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn \"t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California\"s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution\"s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.（分数：10.00）

(1).The Supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to（分数：2.00） A.search for suspects\" mobile phones without a warrant. B.check suspects\" phone contents without being authorized. √ C.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents. D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干关键词the Supreme Court和whether定位到第一段。由该段第二句The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant…可知B项“在没有授权的情况下检查嫌疑犯的手机内容”是该句的同义转换，故选B项。A项“在没有搜查令的情况下搜查嫌疑人的手机”不够准确，原文是search the contents of a mobile phone，重点在于手机中的内容。C项“阻止嫌疑人删除手机内容”和D项“禁止嫌疑人使用手机”均属于过度推断。

(2).The author\" s attitude toward California\" s argument is one of（分数：2.00） A.tolerance. B.indifference. C.disapproval. √ D.cautiousness.

解析：解析：态度题。根据题干关键词California’s argument定位到第二段和第三段。根据上下文和第三段首句The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice可知，作者对加利福尼亚州的提议并不赞成，故C项“不赞成”符合题意。A项“宽容”、B项“冷漠”和D项“谨慎”均与作者的态度不符。

(3).The author believes that exploring one\"s phone contents is comparable to（分数：2.00） A.getting into one\"s residence. √

B.handing one\"s historical records. C.scanning one\"s correspondences. D.going through one\"s wallet.

解析：解析：细节题。根据题干关键词exploring one’s phone content定位到第四段。由第四段第三句But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home可知，A项“进入他的住处”是该句的同义转换，故选A项。B项“交出历史记录”、C项“浏览通信”和D项“检查钱包”均是文中所举的具体例子，只有A项与原文完全对应，具有概括性。

(4).In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that（分数：2.00） A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed. B.the court is giving police less room for action. C.phones are used to store sensitive information. D.citizens\" privacy is not effectively protected. √

解析：解析：推断题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 5 and 6定位到第五段和第六段。第五段认为应采取措施保护数据隐私，第六段继续陈述原则的不恰当之处，说明作者认为现在公民的隐私没有得到有效保护，故D项符合题意。A项“原则很难清晰表达”和C项“手机被用来存储敏感信息”不是作者想要表达的核心观点。B项“法庭给予的行动空间更少了”与原文相反，原文是allow room for police，即给予空间。

(5).Orin Kerr\"s comparison is quoted to indicate that（分数：2.00） A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

B.new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution. √ C.California\"s argument violates principles of the Constitution. D.principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

解析：解析：推断题。根据题干关键词Orin Kerr’s comparison定位到最后一段。根据该段第二句New，disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections可知，作者认为应适应新技术的发展，接下来引用了奥林·克尔的话，也是为了证明这一点，故选B项“新技术要求的重新解释”。A项“应该被灵活地实施”没有提到新技术的影响，过于片面。C项“加利福尼亚州的提议违反了原则”原文没有提到。D项“原则绝不应被改变”与文意相反。