高考英语 必考点 专题17 阅读理解之推理判断题和主旨大意题(精讲深剖)(含解析)

专题17 阅读理解之推理判断题和主旨大意题——精讲深剖

真题速递

(2019全国I卷B篇)

For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day ,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

But he’s, nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a. pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher ,Thomas Whaley ,is next to him, whispering support.“…Vote for …me …”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities,” Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”

本文属于记叙文，讲述Thomas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程。

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26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________. A. help students see their own strengths B. assess students’ public speaking skills C. prepare students for their future jobs D. inspire students’ love for politics 【答案】 A

【解析】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.以及最后一段 “boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可知，Whaley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选A。 27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A. Humorous. 【答案】 C

【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.和最后一段He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves可知，当他有一天问学生认为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。humorous 幽默的， ambitious 有雄心壮志的；caring 关心的；demanding要求高的。故选C。

(2019全国I卷D篇)

During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.

Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start

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B. Ambitious. C. Caring. D. Demanding.

interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.

Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”

In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.\"

Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.

In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. \"Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.

这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。 32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A. Unkind. 【答案】 C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。 33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？ A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents. C. The importance of interpersonal skills.

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B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.

D. The causes of dishonorable behavior 【答案】 A

【解析】主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。

34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable. C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically. 【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Beer C. Be the Best-You Can Make It

D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness 【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。

(2019全国II卷C篇)

Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.

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A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.

“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.

Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.”

That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit， whose company provided the statistics for the report.

28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about? A. Food variety B. Eating habits. C. Table manners. D. Restaurant service. 【答案】 B

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃早餐，46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故选B。 30. What do we know about Mazoleny? A. He makes videos for the bar. B. He’s fond of the food at the bar. C. He interviews customers at the bar.

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D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper. 【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段he likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.可知Mazoleny喜欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员名字和他聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选D。 31. What is the text mainly about? A. The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection. C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology. 【答案】 A

【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。

(2019全国II卷D篇)

Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.

HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.

“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”

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Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.

本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入 站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的内容。

4.What is the best title for the text？ A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B．Electronic Books: A New Trend C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D．A Website Links People through Books 【答案】D

【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句“Now，the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group”以及其余的内容可知，本篇文章主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站的功能及其创建的意义。故选D项。

(2016·北京，B) Surviving Hurricane Sandy

Natalie Doan,14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York.Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house.“It's the ocean that makes Rockaway so special，” she says.

On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce.That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard.Fortunately, Natalie's family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridges closed.

When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins.Many of Natalie's friends had lost their homes and were living far away.All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly.Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.

In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie.Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys.Neighbors devoted their spare

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time to helping others rebuild.Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high－rise buildings.

“My mom tells me that I can't control what happens to me，” Natalie says.“but I can always choose how I deal with it.”

Natalie's choice was to help.x--kw

She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his house burned down.Within days, Patrick's collection was replaced.

In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard.Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much－need supplies to Rockaway.Her efforts made her a famous person.Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.

Today, the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air.The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt.“I can't imagine living anywhere but Rockaway，” Natalie declares.“My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”

文章大意：这是一篇记叙文。本文的主人公——14岁的女孩娜塔莉——主动参与重建遭受飓风重创的家乡。她建立了一个网站，为外界的捐赠者和家乡需要帮助的人结对，同时帮助很多孩子实现了自己的梦想。她应邀到白宫，并被授予荣誉称号。

8.What does the story intend to tell us？ A．Little people can make a big difference. B．A friend in need is a friend indeed. C．East or west, home is best. D．Technology is power. 【答案】A

【解析】考查主旨大意。本题给出的四句谚语的含义依次为：“小人物也有大作为”；“患难之友才是真正的朋友”；“金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝”；“技术就是力量”。本文介绍的是14岁的小女孩娜塔莉如何帮助家乡的重建工作，因此选A。

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模拟训练

A(湖南省2019届高三六校联考)

While staring out of the window during a flight, not everyone will think carefully about the question why airplanes have rounded windows rather than square ones.

Over the years, aerospace engineering has made huge steps in airplane technology, meaning planes can carry more passengers and go faster. The planes have also changed shape to increase safety—including the windows. As commercial air travel took off in the mid－20th century, airline companies began to fly at higher altitudes to lower their cost—the air density(密度) is lower up there, creating less drag(阻力) for airplanes. However, higher altitudes came with problems, like the fact human beings can’t really survive at 30，000 feet. To make that possible, the cabin was changed to a cylindrical(圆柱体) shape to support the pressure inside. But at first, plane builders left in the standard square windows and this expansion meant disaster. The de__Havilland__Comet came into fashion in the 1950s. With a closed cabin, it was able to go higher and faster than other aircraft.

However, where there’s a corner, there’s a weak spot. Windows, having four corners, have four potential weak spots, making them likely to crash under stress—such as air pressure. By curving the window, the stress that would eventually break the window corner is distributed and the chance of it breaking is reduced. Rounded shapes are also stronger and resist deformation(变形), and can thus survive the extreme differences in pressure between the inside and outside of the aircraft.

Fortunately, designers figured out the lack of design pretty quick. Now we have nice, rounded airplane windows that can resist the pressure of traveling altitude. It gives being able to gaze out of your window to the world from 35，000 feet a whole new outlook, doesn’t it?

【语篇导读】本文为说明文，介绍了飞机舷窗由方变圆的原由。 1. Why did airlines aim to fly at higher altitudes? A. To save money for less drag. B. To help the plane to take off.

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C. To increase safety of the plane. D. To carry more passengers and go faster. 【答案】A

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第三句．..airline companies began to fly at higher altitudes to lower their cost—the air density (密度) is lower up there, creating less drag (阻力)for airplanes.可知。

2. What does the underlined words “de Havilland Comet” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. An aircraft. B. A band. C. A planet. D. A design. 【答案】 A

【解析】推理判断题。下划线并非词义猜测，而是根据第二段最后一句With a closed cabin, it was able to go higher and faster than other aircraft. 中的 it和other aircraft 推测此词所指为一款飞机。

3. Which is the advantage of the rounded window? A. It increases the air pressure.

B. It weakens the strength of air pressure. C. It reduces the possibility of breaking up. D. It helps to survive the extreme weather. 【答案】 C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第三句By curving the window, the stress that would eventually break the window corner is distributed and the chance of it breaking is reduced.可知。

4. Where does this text come from?

A. A newspaper on safe driving. B. A science book on flying. C. A website on survival skills. D. A magazine on fashion design. 【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了社会发展过程中应安全和经济的需求，飞机形状和其舷窗形状的变化，故选自于与飞行有关的书籍。

B (湖南省2019届高三六校联考)

The hemlock(铁杉) trees along the Wappinger Creek, New York, look healthy. However, scientist Gary Lovett says the white balls which provide protection for the bugs are created by a tiny insect.

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It’s hard to believe the tiny bug could kill a tree. However, trees can end up with millions and millions of the pests. When there are that many, it ends up killing the tree.

The bug from East Asia is slowly killing trees across the USA. The trouble－making bug is just one of many invasive(入侵的) pests that have slipped into the United States. They can hurt other living things in their new home.

Many invasive pests arrive on wooden pallets piled inside shipping containers. They support and separate goods, and keep them from sliding around. Invasive pests often tunnel into the pallets. How can we stop pests from riding on pallets? Lovett says new rules are needed. The companies that make pallets don’t want more rules. Congress has added an amendment(修正案) in the 2018 Farm Bill to try and prevent this problem. However, Lovett is not hopeful it will make much of a difference. Pallets are checked by inspectors. Many are sprayed with bug－killing pesticide. “I believe in the system，” said Brent McClendon, president of The National Wooden Pallet and Container Association. He also said shipping containers are checked very carefully.

Still, each year 13 million containers are shipped to the U．S. Each is full of wooden pallets. Lovett says: “Inspectors can’t possibly check everything. All it takes are a few bad pallets; we should get rid of wooden pallets.” He believes pallets should be made of plastic or eco－composite wood. Eco－composite wood is a mix of wood fiber and plastic. Insects cannot hide into it. One problem is that these choices cost more. They may be worth the extra money, though. Invasive pests cost the U．S. $5 billion a year. Trees don’t just die in forests. They also die in cities and our yards. Then, they need to be replaced. That costs money, too.

【语篇导读】本文为记叙文，介绍了美国铁杉树虫害因运输过程中使用的木板所携带的外来蛾虫所致。有颁布法案解决但收效甚微。有关人士就此也提出相应的解决方案。

5. All the statements are TRUE except that ________． A. pesticide has been applied to bug－killing B. invasive pests are native to Wappinger Creek C. invasive pests hide in pallets used in shipping D. the companies making pallets don’t want more rules 【答案】B

【解析】细节理解题。 根据第二段可知此害虫为外来物种。 6. What can we infer from the passage?

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A. Bugs can be easily spotted by eyes. B. Bugs ruin the shipping goods slowly.

C. Bugs won’t bother the tree if just in few numbers. D. Bugs cover trees with white soft balls for protection. 【答案】 C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句However, trees can end up with millions and millions of the pests. When there are that many, it ends up killing the tree.可知答案。

7. Why does Gary Lovett want to get rid of wooden pallets? A. Because insects mostly die in them. B. Because plastic pallets are eco－friendly. C. Because they are not worth extra money. D. Because they are the major pest carriers. 【答案】 D

【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段可知。木板是铁杉斑螟蛾虫的主要载体。 8. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. Invasive pests are harming plants in the USA. B. Effective measures have stopped the pest invasion. C. Congress contributes a lot to dealing with invasive pests. D. Ecosystem in the USA is poorly damaged by invasive woods. 【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。外来蛾虫入侵所致的铁杉树虫害并没有因国会通过的修正案或是有关人士提出的方案而得到完全地解决。但生态系统因外来树种是否得到严重的破坏，文中并未指出。

C (湖南省2019届高三六校联考)

Have you ever spent an afternoon in the backyard, maybe grilling or enjoying a basketball game, when suddenly you notice that everything goes quiet? There is an old phrase “calm before the storm”， often used in a situation—a quiet period just before a great activity or excitement. According to our own experience, we know there is actually calm before the storm. But what causes this calm? And is it always calm before the storm? Let's hear what scientists have to say.

A period of calm happens in a particular kind of storm, the simplest kind of storm—a single

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－cell thunderstorm. In this type of thunderstorm, there is usually only one main updraft, which is warm, damp air and drawn from places near the ground. Storms need warm and damp air as fuel, so they typically draw that air in from surrounding environment. Storms can draw in the air that fit their need from all directions—even from the direction in which the storm is traveling.

As the warm, damp air is pulled into a storm system, it leaves a low－pressure vacuum(真空) coming after. The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds, thus the temperature of the warm, damp air drops, and the water vapour(水蒸汽) in it changes into tiny drops that are a precondition of rain. These drops accumulate and build on larger particles like dust, until they grow large enough to form raindrops.

This warm, damp air keeps moving upwards, but it becomes cooler and drier during its trip through cloud. When it reaches the top of the cloud, the air gets spit out(被挤出) at the top. This air is sent rolling out over the big thunderclouds. From there, the air goes down. Warm and dry air is relatively stable, and once it covers a region, that air, in turn, causes the calm before a storm.

Most thunderstorms, though, don't start with calm. That's because most are actually groups of storms with complex wind patterns. There's so much air moving up and down storm groups that the calm before the storm never happens. Instead, before the storm, it might be really windy!

【语篇导读】本文为自然现象类说明文。揭秘暴风雨来临前的宁静这一神秘自然现象。 9. Which best fits the description of a particular kind of storm? A. A thunderstorm with a single shape. B. A thunderstorm without strong winds. C. A storm with air drawn from every direction. D. A storm fueled by moving air from the ground. 【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。第二段中特定的暴风雨指的是一种简单的单细胞雷暴。而并非指简单形状，故排除A。根据第二段最后一句可知雷暴能够从周围任何一个方向吸进自己所需的暖湿空气。

10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. Cold and dry air. B. Warm and dry air. C. Cold and damp air. D. Warm and damp air. 【答案】D

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【解析】代词指代题。第三段中提到由于暖湿空气被吸进雷暴中，雷暴经过之处就形成了低气压真空带。正在上升的暖湿气流遇到雷暴云层中原本就存在的干燥冷空气，此时暖湿空气的温度下降，暖湿空气中的水分凝结成小的水滴，这就是雨水形成的前提。

11. Which does the writer most likely agree to? A. Presence of the calm relies on stable air. B. Not all thunderstorms start with the calm.

C. The drier the air is, the bigger the storm will be. D. Storm happens without air moving up and down. 【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Most thunderstorms, though, don't start with calm.可知大多数的雷暴来临前并不是一片宁静。而当有很多气流频繁上下流动时，暴风雨来临前毫无平静可言可知C、D不正确。

12. What is the passage mainly about? A. Causes and effects of a heavy storm. B. A brief description of a peaceful storm. C. A personal experience of a heavy storm. D. An explanation of the calm before a storm. 【答案】 D 【解析】主旨大意题。

D(安庆市2019年高三第二次模拟考试)

Spotify can tell if you're sad. Here's why that should scare you. Want to figure out if someone is a patient with a mental disability: Ask them what their favorite song is. A New York University study last year found that people who loved Eminem's Lose Yourself and Justin Bieber's What Do You Mean? were more likely to have trouble with mental disabilities than people who were into

Dire Straits.

Over the past few years, Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs. They conclude this from the sort of music you're listening to, combined with where and when you're listening to it, along with third-party data that might be available.

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Now, to be clear, there's nothing significantly illegal about what Spotify is doing with your information. I certainly don't think that they are working with shadowy consulting firms to serve you ads selling a culture struggle while you're listening to music that suggests you might be in a terrible situation. However, I find it disappointing that our personal, private moments with music are increasingly being turned into information points and offered to advertisers.

You can see where this could go, can't you? As ad targeting gets ever more accurate, businessmen will have the ability to target our feelings in potentially improper ways. According to one study, you are more likely to spend more on a product if you're feeling sad. You can imagine some companies might take advantage of that. And on that note, I'm feeling a little down about all this. Head off to treat myself to something expensive.

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Spotify一直在提高分析信息的能力，帮助商家针对消费者投放专门针对他们需求的广告。他们从你所听的音乐类型，以及你在何时何地听音乐，以及可能可用的第三方数据中得出结论，从而刺激你去消费。

13. What's the purpose of the first paragraph? A. To introduce a new song. C. To help more patients. 【答案】 B

【解析】推理判断题。第一段主要说了Spotify可以通过你听的音乐判断出你是否悲伤，你的精神状态如何。结合四个选项可推断出，作者这样写，是为了引起读者的注意，故选B。 14. Spotify improves its ability to analyze information to . A. provide services for the government C. get listeners' personal information 【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的Spotify has been improving the ability to analyze information to help businessmen target consumers with advertisements made specially for their needs.可知，Spotify提高分析信息的能力是为了帮助商人吸引顾客。故选D。

15. What's the author's attitude towards Spotify? A. Uncertain. 【答案】 D

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B. To draw readers' attention. D. To promote a new medium.

B. work with shadowy consulting firms D. help businessmen attract consumers

B. Supportive. C. Positive. D. Dissatisfied.

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的You can imagine some companies might take advantage of that. And on that note, I'm feeling a little down about all this.可知，作者认为一些公司会利用这一点，因此感到有些沮丧，由此可知，作者对此是不满的。故选D。 16. Who is the text probably designed for? A. Internet users. 【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。文章主要想大家介绍了有人根据我们听的音乐来获取我们的信息，从而利用这一点吸引我们去消费，由此可推断出，作者写这篇文章是为那些网络使用者而写的。故选A。

E(2019届贵州省遵义航天高级中学高三上学期第二次模拟考试)

While the other kids seemed excited about celebrating the end-of-term party by playing games and sharing treats, Jeremy hated the very idea of the gathering.

Afraid to raise the pressure too high, I decided to contribute something that was easy to purchase on the walk to school.

Off we went the day of the party, approaching his school as if nothing was planned. I reminded him of our need to make a purchase, entered his favorite shop, and asked him to select the ripest bunch of grapes. He shot me an anxious look and insisted none of his classmates ever be able to notice he had something to bring to the party. My vision of a successful parenting method, resulting in delivering a sociable child to his school, diverted（转移）sharply from reality.

Back on route, I did my best to hide the sinking feeling of fear. How could I possibly drop him off and then walk into my own classroom to teach a successful class?

My next move was born in the heat of the moment. I said a quick goodbye at the front gate and rushed to his classroom through the emergency exit. I managed to inform his teacher about the grapes in the backpack and be out of the classroom before I could be spied by my son.

So, what happened on that June day? His teacher, a caring educator, worked wonders. My son and I still laugh about the way Mr. B started the day with an unusual question, “Does anyone have any grapes?” While Jeremy admits feeling a bit uncomfortable, the words encouraged him to take out the fruit. Because of the support he received, he remembers that day with pride for his courage.

本文是一篇记叙文。作者介绍自己用成人社会化的思维送孩子去参加聚会路上买葡萄让孩子带去，最后在老师的帮助下成功的教育了孩子。

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B. Officials. C. Researchers. D. Managers.

17．Why did the author determine to purchase what was easy to get on their way to school?

A． Because the food was tasty . B． Because the food was affordable. C． Because it was out of respect. D． Because it was a relief. 【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Afraid to raise the pressure too high, I decided to contribute something that was easy to purchase on the walk to school.可知，作者决定购买他们上学路上容易买到的东西因为这是一种解脱。故选D。

18．How did the author feel when she left the shop?

A． Grateful. B． Satisfied. C． Worried. D． Regretful. 【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的描述以及Back on route, I did my best to hide the sinking feeling of fear.可知作者很担心。故选C。

19．Why did the author hurry to her son’s classroom?

A． She went there to give her lesson. B． She went to ask the teacher for help. C． She was afraid of her son being punished. D． She was invited to take part in the celebration. 【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。作者对于自己要求孩子买东西去的行为不知所措，所以寻求老师的帮助。故答案为B。 20．What does the passage mainly talk about?

A． The teacher inspired Jeremy to share grapes. B． Jeremy prepared for the coming party. C． The author taught Jeremy to select goods. D． The author helped Jeremy to become sociable. 【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意题。此题可以用排除法来做。本文主要是介绍作者用成人社会化的思维送孩子去参加聚会，最后在老师的帮助下他的做法然他的儿子感到很骄傲。故选D。 【点睛】

主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进

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行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)也是完全可能的。同时，主题词关键词也是非常重要的，有时候可以直接看出答案。主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。本题第4小题，此题可以用排除法来做。本文主要是介绍作者用成人社会化的思维送孩子去参加聚会，最后在老师的帮助下他的做法然他的儿子感到很骄傲。故选D。

F(2019届山东省济南外国语学校高三上学期第二次模拟考试)

We are all human and have weaknesses. Even if your physical appearance or social skills aren’t what you wish they were, that doesn’t have to stop you from being confident. Here’s how to believe in yourself.

Make a list of special talents you have, or things you do that are good—morally or otherwise. It doesn’t have to be a specific skill；it can be an approach or an attitude that you hold through life. Do you always stay calm, cool and collected, even in hurried situations? Are you very patient with people? Do you always see the humorous side of things? Are you always there for your friends?

Know that you have important things to say and do. When you feel strongly about something, speak loudly and clearly and make eye contact with people. People will judge you all the time, and usually they’ll misjudge you anyway, so why bother trying to live up to their opinions at all?

Take care of yourself. Eat a healthy diet and get enough exercise. Don’t abuse your body, don’t overload it, and don’t deny any of the things it needs. At the same time, don’t obsess(沉迷). Buying all the moisturizers (润肤霜) and creams will not bring you closer to who you want to be. Those things are only band-aids and make-up. Confidence comes from within. In order to be confident, you must value yourself and understand that your well-being is important.

Improve your posture. Having good posture can actually make you feel more confident. Don’t drop your shoulders. Make sure that your back is straight, your shoulders are square, and your chest sticks out slightly (but stay loose, otherwise you’ll appear stubborn and nervous). Good posture also helps with deep breathing, which helps with feeling calm and relaxed. 本文为说明文。虽然我们都有缺点，但我们仍要有自信。文章分段论述了增强自信的具体措施。 21．What is the best title for the text? A． How to keep a good shape. B． The way to success.

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C． What talents you need. D． How to be confident. 【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段提出我们作为人，都有自己的缺点，但要相信自己，要自信。接着介绍如何让你自信。文章反复出现的单词是confident，believe in yourself. Confidence这与选项D中的confident相照应。分析选项可知D项是符合题意，故选D项。

22．Among the following things, which is not mentioned in paragraph 2? A． When your friends are in trouble, you are always there to help.

B． It’s time for your performance, but you forgot your words. Instead of being nervous, you made it.

C． You have a special gift for language learning.

D． Even it’s hard to study well, but you always have a positive attitude towards life. 【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的内容It doesn’t have to be a specific skill；it can be an approach or an attitude that you hold through life. Do you always stay calm, cool and collected, even in hurried situations? Are you very patient with people? …Are you always there for your friends?“你可列出你拥有的特殊才能，它不一定是特定的技能（但没有说语言学习你有特别的天赋，C是错误的），它可以是你一生中坚持的方法或态度（可知，即使学好很难，你也总是对生活积极乐观，故提及D）。即使在匆忙的情况下，你也总是保持镇定、冷静和镇定吗？（可知即使表演时忘词了也不紧张，能度过，与B相符）…你总是在那里陪伴你的朋友吗？（可知A符合题意），由此可知C没提及。综合分析可知C符合题意。 23．What’s the meaning of the underlined words in paragraph 3? A． do as well as others expect you to B． care about

C． don’t agree with others D． praise 【答案】A

【解析】猜测词义题。根据第三段最后两句People will judge you all the time, and usually they’ll misjudge you anyway, so why bother trying to live up to their opinions at all?可知，人们总是会评判你，而且通常无论你怎么样，他们都会误判你，这样的话，所以为什么还要按他们说的做呢？本句是说既然你怎么做都会被误解，所以没必要按他们说的做，做得像他们要你做的那么好。分析选项（A. do

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as well as others expect you to做得和别人期望的一样好；B. care about在乎，担心；C. don’t agree with others不同意别人的意见；D. praise表扬），可知A符合题意，故选A。

24．Why does the author mention “moisturizers (润肤霜) and creams” in paragraph 4? A． To tell us they are all very important for people to become beautiful. B． To show us these things are not necessities for confidence.

C． To show us that moisturizers (润肤霜) and creams are special diet for our skin. D． To tell the readers they are essential to their well-being. 【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的Buying all the moisturizers (润肤霜) and creams will not bring you closer to who you want to be. Those things are only band-aids and make-up. Confidence comes from within“.购买所有的润肤霜和面霜不会让你更接近你想成为的人。那些东西仅仅是创可贴和化妆品。信心来自内心”。作者提到这些化妆品，是外在的东西，而信心是来自内心。这些东西与自信没关系，不是信心的必需品。分析选项可知B项（向我们展示这些东西不是信心的必需品）符合题意，故选B。 【点睛】

文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当。

确定最佳标题的方法。在阅读文章时，要注意文章中反复出现的或强调的信息，寻找与文章大多数内容相关的信息。找出覆盖全文的核心词汇，看选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题。也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。如第1小题，文章反复出现的单词是confident，believe in yourself. Confidence这与选项D中的confident相照应。

寻找文章的主题句。文章主要论题的关键是找到文章的主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段，也可能在文章的末段，在文章的某一段落，或分散在文章的各个段落中。如果每个段落都有主题句，那么把各段落的主题句的中心集中起来，即为全文的主题句。本文的中心句在首段doesn’t have to stop you from being confident. Here’s how to believe in yourself.这就是对标题“D. How to be confident.”。

G(北京市朝阳区高三年级第二次综合练)

本文属于应用文，介绍Fineway公司推出的新的食物标签，方便顾客了解食物的含量以及热量，以及每日摄入量的百分比。

27. What is the advantage of Fineways’ new food labels? A. They provide extra nutritional information. B. They warn customers about unhealthy foods.

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C. They show different customers’ nutritional needs. D. They remind customers of the harm of unbalanced nutrition. 【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段可知，该标签方式可以让顾客看到食物中糖、脂肪以及盐的含量，以及热量，还有每日摄入量的百分比，故可知，该标签提供了额外的信息，故选A。 28. According to the passage, the new labelling system can help to ______. A. reduce the amount of food you take B. follow GDAs by mixing various foods C. make your choice of more delicious food D. satisfy the growing demands for nutrition 【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Knowing the information about each product you buy means that you can mix healthy foods with less healthy treats, while still keeping within the recommended daily amounts.可知，知道每个产品的信息，就可以把健康食物搭配不那么健康的食物，同时保持不超过规定摄入的含量和热量，故可知，该标签可以满足人们新的需求，故选B。 29. Where is the passage most probably taken from? A. A dinner menu. B. A research report. C. A fashion magazine. D. An advice brochure. 【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍Fineway公司推出的新的食物标签，方便顾客了解食物的含量以及热量，以及每日摄入量的百分比，故可知是对新的标签进行广告宣传，故选D。

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