被动语态
一、 被动语态的基本知识
1．什么叫动词的语态？
表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
2．被动语态的形式
1）被动语态的基本形式为助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词，即be done。被动语态的不同时态是通过助动词be的时态变化来体现的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。
2）被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。
3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。例如：
Where did they grow vegetables？（改为被动语态）
Where _____ vegetables ______? (2002 福州) (答案: were, grown)
3． 被动语态的用法
英语中，一般在以下几种情况下使用被动语态：
1） 不知道动作的执行者是谁, 或者没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者。
2） 强调动作的承受者, 此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者”来表示。例如： Chinese _______ by the largest number of people. （2002 长沙）
A. speak B. is speaking C. speaks D. is spoken
( 答案：D )
二、时态的被动语态变化形式
一般现在时的被动语态：am／is／are done
Eg. The cake is made by my mom.
一般过去时的被动语态：was／were done
Eg. The glass was broken by my sister last night.
现在完成时的被动语态：have ／has been done
Eg.The book has been written by Tom yet.
过去完成时的被动语态：had been done
Eg.All flights had been cancelled because of typhoon, so the team decided to
take the train.
现在进行时的被动语态：am／is／are being done
Eg. The room is being cleaned by my father.
过去进行时的被动语态：was / were being done
Eg. Tom was being blamed by my father at that time.
一般将来时的被动语态：shall ／will be done
Eg.The book will be published next year.
过去将来时的被动语态：should ／would be done
I didn’t expected that I would be asked to speak at such an important occation.
含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be done
It must be finished as soon as possible.
三、注意被动语态的几个特殊情况：
（1） 带双宾语的两种被动语态形式：
① 把指人的间接宾用作被动句的主语，如：
She gave me a book.
I was given a book by her.
② 把指物的直接宾语用作被动句的主语，此时，间接宾语前需加介词to或for, 如：
She gave me a book.
A book was given to me by her.
She bought me a present.
A present was bought for me by her.
Her mother gave her a new pen．（变被动语态）
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother．（2001黔江）
(2) 注意短语的整体性，即后面的介词或副词不要丢掉。例如：
We should speak to old people politely. ——
Old people should be spoken to politely by us.
She will take good care of the children．——（变被动语态）
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ by her．
（3）复合宾语的主动句在转换成被动句时，那些感官动词和使役动词如make，see，watch, hear, notice, feel等后所省略的动词不定式to需被还原。例如：
My teacher made me do my homework.-------
I was made to do my homework by my teacher.
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday．（变被动语态）
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday． （2002贵阳）
4. 不宜使用被动语态的几种情况：
（1）有些不及物动词如happen, disappear, last,是没有被动语态的。
Eg. A traffic accident happened just now.
（2）系动词没有被动语态。例如：appear, seem, look, feel, sound, taste, smell, become, get, turn, grow, fall, remain, stay, keep.
Eg. Peking Opera sounds beautiful.
（3） 当此动词表示事物的自然属性的时候，不用被动语态。
Eg. The pen writes very fast.
The kind of sweater sells well.
(4) 动词短语的被动语态
take care of---- be taken care of
cut down ----- be cut down
laugh at ----- be laughed at
look after ----- be looked after
(5) 被动态的动词短语
一下这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式，不需要加“by”.
Be covered with 用…覆盖
Be interested in 对….感兴趣
Be surprised at 对…感到惊奇
Be made of / from 用…制成的
四、被动语态和系表结构的区别
1、被动语态表示以主语为动作的承受者，而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
The shop is closed at 9:00 p.m. （动作）
The shop is closed today. (状态)
2、系表结构中的过去分词常有固定的介词搭配，被动语态结构中则没有。
Miss Wang is satisfied with us. (系表结构)
王老师对我们很满意。
3、系表结构中的过去分词可以被副词修饰。
She’s so worried about her exams. （系表结构）
她非常担心她的考试。
系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态结构则可用于多种时态。
练习（一）
I. 选择最佳答案。
( ) 1 The People's Republic of China ___ on October 1, 1949.
A. found B. was founded C. is founded D. was found
( ) 2 English ____ in Britain.
A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken
( ) 3-I'd like to buy that coat.-I'm sorry. ___.
A. It sold B.It's selling C. It's been sold D. It had been sold
( ) 4 These papers ___ yet. A. have not written
B. have not been written C. has not written D. has not been written
( ) 5. The sports meeting ___ be held until next week.
A. didn't B. won't C. isn't D. doesn't
( ) 6. ___ the radio been repaired yet? I badly need it.
A. Does B. Has C. Is D. Are
( ) 7.Who was the story___?
A. write B. wrote C. written D. written by
( )8. The old bridge in my hometown___ the week after next.
A .is going to be rebuilt B. will rebuilt
C .are going to be rebuilt D. are going to rebuilt
( )9. The jar ___ for ___ hot water.
A. used; keeping B. was used; keeping C. is used; to keep D. are used; keep
( ) 10.Wet clothes are often ___ up near a fire on rainy days.
A. hang B. hanged C. hanging D. hung
( ) 11. The river smells terrible. People must ___ dirty things into it.
A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwing
C. stop to throw D. stop from throwing
( )12. Old people must be looked after well and ___ politely.
A. speak to B. spoken C. speak D. spoken to
( ) 13. The teacher usually made him___ a lot of homework.
A. to do B. do C. did D. done
( )14. The boy___ streets 10 hours a day.
A. was made to clean B. made clean
C. made to clean D. was made clean
( )15.These children____ sing.
A. were seen to B. were seen for C. were seen D. saw to
( )16. The tea ___very nice.
A. is tasted B. taste -C. tastes D. are tasting
( ) 17. -How do you like the play?-Wonderful. It is worth___ a second time.
A. watching B. watched C. seen D. seeing
( )18.How dirty your shoes are! They need___.
A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
练习（二）
1.（ ）The baby is badly ill. A doctor must _____ at once.
A. sent for B. send for
C. be sent D. be sent for
2.（ ）Could you tell me if tea _____ in South China?
A. is grown B. was grown
C. grows D. is growing
3.（ ）Many tall buildings ____ in this street in the last few years.
A. were built B. had built
C. built D. have been built
4.( ) Do you know whom the book _____?
A. is written B. was written
5.（ ）The teacher told us that the papers_____ soon.
A. will be handed out B. would be handed out
C. were handed D. would be handed
6.（ ）Great changes ______ in our city in the past few years.
A. have taken place B. have been taken place
C. took place D. were taken place
7.（ ）I won’t go to the party if Linda _____. She is such a terrible girl.
A. is invited B. isn’t invited
C. will be invited D. invited
8.（ ）Where to have the dinner ______ yet.
A. isn’t discussed B. hasn’t discussed
C. hasn’t been discussed D. haven’t been discussed
9.（ ）When all the homework _____, you may go swimming.
A. is finished B. finishs
C. has finished D. are finished
10.( )-Can I sit here?
- Sorry, the seat _____.
A. was taken B. were taken
C．has been taken D. is taken
11.( ) It ______ that young people remember things easier.
A. says B. said
C. has said D. is said
12.( ) As usual, Meihua _____ at 6:30 this morning by her mother to get ready for school.
A. has worken up B. woke up
C. wakes up D. was woken up
13.（ ）Can you tell me whom the play ______ in 1998?
A. was written by B. was written
C. is written by D. is written
14.( ) No one knows how the huge rocks ____ and ____ without modern machines eight hundred years ago.
A. are cut; moved C.are cut; moving B. were cut; move
D.were cut; moved
