托福听写作业1

1 甲壳虫 正确原文：

This morning I want to tell you about a recent scientific discovery dealing with the relationship between plants and animals. This is about a desert shrub whose leaves can shoot a stream of poisonous resin a distance of six feet. You think it would be safe from all attacks by insects? But a recent study has found one insect, a beetle that can chew its way past the plant's defense system by cutting the main vein that delivers the poison to the leaves. This vein cutting is just one method the beetles used to prepare a safe meal. Another is by cutting a path all the way across the leaves to hold the flow of chemicals. Then they simply eat between the veins of poison. In the past, scientists who studied insect adaptation to plant defenses have focused on chemical responses. That is, how the insects can neutralize or alter the poisonous substances plants produce. What's unique about this chewing strategy is that the beetle is actually exhibiting a behavioral response to the plant's defenses rather than the more common chemical response. It is only after a beetle's survived several encounters with the plant's resin that it learns how to avoid the poison: by chewing through the resin transporting veins on the next leaf it eats. And thus gives itself a safe meal. However, it can take a beetle an hour and a half of careful vein cutting to prepare a small leaf that takes it only a few minutes to eat. So, though the method is effective, it's not very efficient.

生词摘录：

1. shrub: n. 灌木 2. resin: n. 树脂 3. beetle: n. 甲壳虫 4. vein: n. 静脉

5. neutralize: v. 中和 6. alter: v. 改变

托福听写作业2

正确原文：

Human populations near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fiercest rays of the sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semi-dry bush in scrubby habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its furry stripe's like a chipmunk's, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the sun's ultraviolet radiation. First, like the population of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin-pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique cap provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse, like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists has identified with the same sort of skull adaptation is the white tent-making bat of the Central American tropics. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their heads exposed to the sun.

生词摘录：

1. equator: n. 赤道

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

2. nocturnal: adj. 夜行的 3. scrubby: adj. 树丛繁盛的 4. stripe: n. 条纹

5. chipmunk: n. 花栗鼠

6. ultraviolet: adj. 紫外线的 7. melanin: n. 黑色素 8. pigment: n. 色素

9. rodent: n. 啮齿类动物 10. skull: n. 头骨

托福听写作业3

正确原文：

We've been looking at fear from a biological perspective, and someone asked whether the tendency to be fearful is genetic. What some studies done with mice indicate that mammals do inherit fearfulness to some degree. In one study, for instance, a group of mice was placed in a brightly lit open box with no hiding place. Some of the mice wandered around the box and didn't appear to be bothered about being so exposed. But other mice didn't move. They stayed up against one wall which indicated that they were afraid. Well, when fearful mice, or you might say anxious mice like the ones who stayed in one place, when mice like these were bred with one another repeatedly, after about twelve or so generations, then all of the offspring showed similar signs of fearfulness. And even when a new born mouse from this generation was raised by a mother and with other mice who were not fearful, that mouse still tended to be fearful as an adult. Now why is this? Well it's thought that specific genes in an animal's body have an influence on anxious behavior. These are genes that are associated with particular nerve-cell receptors in the brain. And the degree of overall of fearfulness in the mammal seems to depend in large part on the presence or absence of these nerve-cell receptors. And this appears to apply to humans as well by the way. But while a tendency towards anxiety and fear may well be an inherited trait, the specific form that the fear takes has more to do with the individual's environment. So a particular fear, like a fear of snakes or the fear of spider, say, is not genetic, but the overall tendency to have fearful responses, is.

生词摘录：

1. genetic: adj. 遗传的

2. offspring: n. 子孙，后代 3. receptor: n. 接受器

托福听写作业4

正确原文：

Let's turn our focus now to advertising. We all know what an advertisement is: It's essentially a message that announces something for sale. Now there's an important precondition that must exist before you have advertising, and that's a large supply of consumer goods, that is, things to sell. You see in a place where the demand for a product is greater than the supply, there is no need to advertise. Now the earliest forms of advertising going back many hundreds of years with a simple sign over shop doors that told you whether the shop was a bakery, a butcher shop or what have you. Then with the advent of printing, advertising increased substantially. As for products like coffee, tea and chocolate appeared in newspapers and other periodicals, as well as on the sides of building. In

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

the American colonies, advertising and communication media like newspapers and pamphlets became a major factor in marketing goods and services. By modern standards, these early advertisements were quite small and subdued, not as splashy, whole page spread of today. Still some of them appeared on the front pages of newspapers probably because the news often consisted of less refresh reports from distant Europe while the news were current and local. Advertising really came and do it so and became an essential part of doing business during the industrial revolution. Suddenly there was a much greater supply of things to sell. And as we said earlier, that is the driving force behind advertising. People's attention had to be drawn to the new product. Let's take a look at some of the advertisements from that time.

生词摘录：

1. essentially: adv. 本质上，本来 2. precondition: n. 先决条件 3. bakery: n. 面包店 4. butcher: n. 屠户 5. periodical: n. 期刊 6. pamphlet: n. 小册子 7. subdued: adj. 被抑制的

8. splashy: adj. 大而显眼的，引人注目的

托福听写作业5

正确原文：

Moving away from newspapers, let's now focus on magazines. Now, the first magazine was a little periodical called The Review, and it was started in London in 1704. It looked a lot like the newspapers of the time. But in terms of its content, it was much different. Newspapers were concerned mainly with news events, but The Review focused on important domestic issues of the day as well as the policies of the government. Now in England at the time, people could still be thrown in jail for publishing articles that were critical of the king. And that's what happened to Daniel Defoe. He was the outspoken founder of The Review. Defoe actually wrote the first issue of The Review from prison. You see, he had been arrested because of his writings that criticized the policies of the Church of England, which was headed by the king. After his release, Defoe continued to produce The Review and magazine started to appear on a more frequent schedule, about three times a week, it didn't take long for other magazines to start popping up. In 1709, a magazine called The Tatler began publication. This new magazine contained a mixture of news, poetry, political analysis, and philosophical essays.

生词摘录：

1. periodical: n. 期刊

2. The Review: 《评论》杂志

3. Daniel Defoe: 丹尼尔·笛福 (1660 -1731)，生于伦敦一小工商业者家庭，1731年4月26日卒于莫尔

福德。幼时只受过普通中等教育。早年曾经商，办工厂，屡次破产，又屡次重新起家。笛福对写作和政治很感兴趣，早年写过很多文章和小册子，长年奔走于英格兰和苏格兰各地了解情况，因文字两次获罪下狱。从1704年起，他创办《评论》杂志(The Review,1704-1713)，这是英国第一份定期出版的文化和政治刊物，是英国报业的先驱。笛福年近花甲才开始小说创作，他的第一部小说《鲁宾逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe, 1719)是其代表作，也是英国近代小说的开山之作；这部小说通过具体而真实的细节来叙述故事、刻画人物，以日常事件构成不平凡的故事，具有强烈的真实感，被认为是现实主义的创始之作。笛福的其它小说作品包括《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton, 1720)、《摩尔·弗兰德斯》(Moll Flanders, 1722)、《大疫年日记》(A Journal

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

of the Plague Year,1722)和《罗克萨娜》(Roxana,1724）等。除小说外，他还写有国内外旅行游记、人物传记及其他纪实性作品以及有关经商贸易的著作。 4. The Tatler: 《闲话者》，由爱迪森（Joseph Addison,1672～1719）和史蒂尔（Sir Richard Steele,1672～

1729）共同创办，面向中产阶级读者，起到了传播文化和道德说教的作用。 5. philosophical: adj. 哲学的

托福听写作业6

正确原文：

The cattle ranching industry started in the new western United States in the late 1800s. As the industry developed, so did the horse riding contests that we called rodeos. Rodeos weren't always the big entertainment shows that we see nowadays. The first ones were small contests started as a form of competition among people historically referred to as cowboys, although they did include both men and women. One duty of the cowboys was to guide herds of cattle from the grassy ranges into towns around the railroad lines where the cows were loaded onto trains. The cowboys would gather near these cow towns to compete for the unofficial title: best horse rider. They would demonstrate the riding skills they had learned as a matter of survival. The audience was composed mainly of other cowboys who watched the competitors critically since they knew what the events were all about. Rodeo contests took a different turn in the 10s when organizers began to hold cowboy sports during yearly agricultural fairs. What was different was the audience. It consisted mostly of people who were unfamiliar with life on the range. They were amazed by the skill of the riders and the intelligence of the horses. Rodeo at agricultural fairs became so popular that ranchers and business people began to organize rodeos as independent events, separate from fairs. The organizers built large arenas and earned money by requiring spectators to pay for admission. One of the most notable rodeos of this type is still held annually in Wyoming. It's called Frontier Days. While Frontier Days is not the first independent rodeo, it is the annual show, taking place each year since 17.

生词摘录：

1. cattle: n. 牛

2. ranching: n. （从事）农牧场工作

3. rodeo: n. 牛仔竞技表演（如驯服野马、用绳圈套牛） 4. entertainment: n. 娱乐 5. cowboy: n. 牛仔

6. herd: n. （同一种类并一同栖息的）兽群 7. range: n. 山脉 8. survival: n. 生存

9. fair: n. （出售动物或农产品的）市场；集市 10. rancher: n. 大牧场主 11. arena: n. 竞技场

12. spectator: n. 观众，旁观者 13. admission: n. 入场费 14. Wyoming: 怀俄明州

15. Frontier Days: 拓荒者日

托福听写作业7

正确原文：

Last week, you recall, we discussed the early development of railroads in the United States. Today I want to mention an even earlier form of transportation, one that brought the first European settlers

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

to America. And that's the wooden sailing ship. From colonial times, sailing ships were vital to the economy. Many coastal towns depended on fishing or whaling for employment and income. This was especially true in the northeastern states. And there the wood from nearby forests and the skills of local designers and workers also formed the basis of an important shipbuilding industry. But the big profits were to be made on trade with faraway places. And since sea captains often became part of owners of their ships, they had a strong interest in the commercial success of their voyages. So these Yankees, that's what US sailors and officers came to be called, they carried on a very profitable trade with other parts of the world. The high point of this trade came in the mid-19th century with the introduction of the clipper ship, the enormous Yankee clippers with huge sails reaching nearly two hundred feet into the sky. He'd carry passengers and cargo from New York around South America to San Francisco in less than three months and clear to China in just half a year. At that time this seemed unbelievably fast and efficient. But in the 1860s, more reliable steam-powered ships began to take over. And soon the important role of sailing ships in the US economy would come to an end.

生词摘录：

1. transportation: n. 运输 2. settler: n. 移居者

3. colonial times: 殖民时代 4. vital: adj. 至关重要的 5. whaling: n. 捕鲸（业） 6. shipbuilding: n. 造船 7. faraway: adj. 遥远的 8. voyage: n. 航行

9. Yankee: n. 美国北部各州的人，北方佬 10. clipper: n. 快速帆船

11. enormous: adj. 巨大的，庞大的 12. passenger: n. 乘客 13. cargo: n. 船货，货物 14. San Francisco: 旧金山 15. reliable: adj. 可靠的

16. steam-powered: adj. 蒸汽驱动的

托福听写作业8

正确原文：

Last time, we outlined how the Civil War finally got started. I want to talk today about the political management of the war on both sides, the north under Abraham Lincoln, and the south under Jefferson Davis. An important task for both of these presidents was to justify for their citizens just why the war was necessary. In 1861, on July 4th, Lincoln gave his first major speech in which he presented the northern reasons for the war. It was, he said, to preserve democracy. Lincoln suggested that this war was a noble crusade that would determine the future of democracy throughout the world. For him, the issue was whether or not this government of the people, by the people could maintain its integrity; could it remain complete and survive its domestic foes? In other words, could a few discontented individuals and by that he meant those who led the southern rebellion, could they arbitrarily break up the government and put an end to free government on earth? The only way for the nation to survive was to crash the rebellion. At the time, he was hopeful that the war wouldn't last long, and the slave owners would be put down forever. But he underestimated how difficult the war would be. It would be harder than any the Americans had thought before or since, largely because the north had to break the will of the southern people, not just by its army. But

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

Lincoln rallied northerners to a deep commitment to the cause. They came to perceive the war as a kind of democratic crusade against southern society.

生词摘录：

1. Civil War: n. 美国内战（南北战争） 2. Abraham Lincoln: 亚伯拉罕·林肯 3. Jefferson Davis: 杰斐逊·戴维斯 4. justify: v. 证明…有道理；为…辩护 5. preserve: v. 保护，维护 6. democracy: n. 民主

7. crusade: n. 十字军东征；改革运动 8. domestic: adj. 国内的 9. foe: n. 敌人

10. discontented: adj. 不满意的

11. arbitrarily: adv. 任意地,武断地,专横地 12. crash: v. 击垮，迫降

13. rebellion: n. 谋反,叛乱,反抗 14. underestimate: v. 低估 15. rally: v. 召集，集合

16. commitment: n. 奉献，献身 17. perceive: v. 发觉，认为

托福听写作业9

正确原文：

Recently some anthropologists conducted an interesting case study in ethnology. Now ethnology, as you recall, is a branch of anthropology that deals with how various cultures develop and change. The study was about the development of basket weaving by African-American women who live in the town of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The town is known for its high quality sweet grass baskets which are woven by these women. They've been weaving the baskets for generations, handing down the skill from mother to daughter. Some of the baskets have been placed on permanent display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The origin of their basket weaving dates back to the 17th century and even earlier when these women's ancestors came to the United States from the west coast of Africa. Now, it's mainly a hobby. But back in the 17th and 18th century, African American women wove the baskets for use on the rice plantations. There were two types of baskets then: workbasket and baskets for use in the home. The workbaskets were made out of bulrushes. Bulrushes are long, tough grass that grows in marshes. One type of workbaskets was the fan basket which was used to separate grains of rice from the waste. The baskets used in the homes were made out of more delicate sweet grass. They were used for everything from fruit baskets to baby cradles.

生词摘录：

1. anthropology: n. 人类学 2. anthropologist: n. 人类学家 3. case study: 个案研究 4. ethnology: n. 人种学

5. branch: n. （学科的）分支

6. weave: v. 编织（过去式wove，过去分词woven，现在分词weaving） 7. Mount Pleasant: 快乐山

8. South Carolina: 南卡罗来纳州

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

9. sweet grass: 白菖蒲

10. Philadelphia Museum of Art: 费城艺术博物馆 11. ancestor: n. 祖先 12. plantation: n. 种植园

13. workbasket: n. 放置工具的筐，针线篮（筐） 14. bulrush: n. 芦苇

15. marsh: n. 沼泽，湿地 16. cradle: n. 摇篮

托福听写作业10

、正确原文：

In the late 1400s, when Christopher Columbus returned to Spain from the western hemisphere, he brought with him a sample of what the native Americans called maize, or, as we call it more often today, corn. The corn that Columbus introduced to Europe was the distant descendant of a grass native to Mexico. The peoples of the Americas probably started to domesticate this grass as early as 5000BC. After about a thousand years, they had developed a highly productive strand of corn which later became the basis for the great pre-Columbian civilizations. Figuratively speaking, both the cities of the Incas and the temples of the Mayas were built on corn. Domesticated corn and the people who cultivated it developed together. Without humans to care for it, domesticated corn could not survive. The kernels are crowded together beneath the strong protected husk and silk. And the young corn shoot is not strong enough to break through the husk on its own. If people did not strip away the husk and plant individual kernels, the corn would die out.

生词摘录：

1. Christopher Columbus: 克里斯托夫·哥伦布 2. hemisphere: n. 半球 3. sample: n. 样品 4. maize: n. 玉米

5. domesticate: v. 驯养 6. strand: n. 绳索之一股

7. pre-Columbian: adj. 哥伦布发现美洲以前的 8. figuratively speaking: 比如说 9. Inca: 印加人 10. Maya: 玛雅人

11. cultivate: v. 培养,耕作,栽培

12. kernel: n. （坚果或种子的）核，仁 13. husk: n. 外壳 14. strip: v. 剥去

托福听写作业11

正确原文：

W: Hello?

M: Hi, Amy. This is Bill Johns.

W: Oh. Hi, Bill. You weren't in engineering class today, were you? M: I have the flu. I was wondering if you could tell me what went on.

W: Actually we had an interesting class. Doctor Colin talked about a new type of fuel. M: Oh, yeah?

W: Uh hum. It's called dimethyl ether or DME.

M: Oh. I remember reading something about DME. It's mostly used in spray cans, right?

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

W: Right. DME doesn't destroy the ozone so it's been environmentally friendly. M: But doesn't DME pollute the air if it's burned in an engine?

W: No. Doctor Colin says something about its exhausts being clear that it doesn't release as many pollutants as diesel fuel. And he mentioned something about DME being more efficient than other alternative fuels.

M: So when will it replace diesel fuel?

W: Not for a while. It's not economical to mass produce.

M: Well, thanks for the information. I guess I won't need to borrow your notes. W: Well, maybe you should look at them. We are having a test next week.

M: Okay, could you give them to Mike Andrews? I think he is in your psychology class. He is my roommate.

W: Sure. I hope you're feeling better soon. M: Thanks. Me too. Bye! W: Bye!

生词摘录：

1. engineering: n. 工程（学） 2. flu: n. 流行性感冒

3. dimethyl ether (DME): 二甲醚 4. ozone: n. 臭氧

5. exhaust: n. 排气，排气装置 6. pollutant: n. 污染物

7. diesel fuel: 柴油机燃料，柴油

8. alternative: adj. 选择性的，二中择一的 9. mass produce: 大规模生产

10. 四个人名：Amy 艾米；Bill Johns 比尔·约翰斯；Colin 科林；Mike Andrews 迈克·安德鲁斯

托福听写作业12

正确原文：

W: Hi, Jim. What are you doing?

M: Oh. Hi. Linda. I'm working on a report on energy resources for my environmental science class. But I'm having trouble finding enough information.

W: You know we were talking about sources of fuel in my class today. M: Yeah?

W: Prof Collins. He is all authority on energy sources. He was telling us about a new way of getting fuel oil from coal.

M: I didn't know that was possible.

W: He said something about coal being set on fire and blasted with a mixture of steam and oxygen. This process produces a gas made up of hydrogen and carbon, the, um, the basic elements of oil. M: And then they do something to change that gas to oil?

W: Right. First. Since coal contains fewer hydrogen atoms than oil, they have to add some extra hydrogen to the gas. Then impurities are washed out with methanol. I think before this gas is sent on to reactors where it's changed into oil.

M: Since coal is so plentiful, I guess it won't be long till this new type of oil will be available all over the place, huh?

W: I doubt it. Prof Collins said something about the process not being economically enough to use in this country. At any rate you really ought to talk to him. He'll be able to help you more than I can and he's got office hours all afternoon today.

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

M: Thanks! He's over in Anderson Hall, right? W: Right.

生词摘录：

1. environmental science: 环境科学 2. authority: n. 权威 3. blast: v. 爆炸 4. hydrogen: n. 氢

5. impurity: n. 杂质，混杂物 6. methanol: n. 甲醇

7. plentiful: adj. 许多的，大量的，丰富的

托福听写作业13

正确原文：

Our electric car is the way of the future. Automobile manufactures are under the pressure to develop cars that do not pollute. One powerful motive is a California law requiring that by the year 2000, ten percent of the new car sales in the state be so-called zero-emission vehicles. These cars must put no pollutants whatsoever into the atmosphere. California is a huge market for the automobile companies, so they are working hard to meet these standards. So far the electric car seems to be the best alternative. So the biggest advantage of electric cars is that they don't pollute. However, they will be in competition with gas-powered cars. And that's where the weaknesses come out. The big problem is that the batteries in electric cars weigh a lot relative to the amount of power they deliver. For instance, in one electric car, the batteries weigh four hundred kilograms and they provide enough energy to go 250 kilometers before recharging which take 8 hours. Compare that to a moderately fuel efficient conventional car, it can go 600 to 700 kilometers on a tank of gas. And refilling takes just minutes. If there are other drains on an electric car's batteries besides a motor headlights, air-conditioning or a heater, its already limited range would be significantly reduced. So automobile engineers are trying to make more powerful batteries that would increase the car's range and make them more attractive to buyers.

生词摘录：

1. automobile: n. 汽车

2. manufacture: n. 制造，加工 3. motive: n. 动机，目的

4. zero-emission vehicles: 零排放车辆 5. pollutant: n. 污染物质 6. whatsoever: 无论什么

7. gas-powered cars: adj. 燃气汽车 8. battery: n. 电池 9. recharge: v. 充电

10. tank: n. (盛液体, 气体的大容器)桶、箱、罐 11. refilling: 加油 12. drain: 消耗

13. air-conditioning: n. 空气调节装置 14. heater: n. 加热器

托福听写作业14

Ok, so in our last class we were discussing big bands swing music. You remember, this was a kind of dance music with a steady rhythm. But today we deal with that sort of music played by smaller jazz

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

bands. It's called bebop. Now bebop makes use all sorts of new types of rhythms, some of them very irregular. We will talk more about that later. But first I wanna talk about some of the social elements that I believe contributed to the development of bebop music. To do this, we have to look at when bebop arose and started becoming so popular which was from the late 1930s through the 1940s from the time of the Great Depression right into the 2nd World War. Now one factor that certainly helped create the environment for bebop music was the decline of the United States economy. During the Great Depression, the economy suffered tremendously, and fewer people had money to spend on entertainment. Then during the 2nd World War, the government imposed a new tax on public entertainment, what you might call performance tax. The government collected money on performances that included any types of acting, dancing or singing, but not instrumental music. So to avoid this new tax, some jazz bands stop using singers altogether. They started relying on the creativity of the instrumentalist to attract audiences. This was what bebop bands did. Now remember a lot of big bands had singers. So the instrumentalists simply played in the background and had occasional solos while the singers sang the melody to the songs, but not bebop bands. So the instrumentalists had much more freedom to be creative. So they experimented playing the music faster and using new irregular sorts of rhythms.

生词摘录：

1. swing music: 摇摆舞音乐 2. rhythm: n. 节奏

3. bebop: n. 爵士音乐的一种

4. irregular: adj. 不规则的，无规律的

5. arose: arise的过去式，引发，激起，唤起 6. Great Depression: 大萧条

7. the 2nd World War: 第二次世界大战 8. decline: n. 下降，衰退 9. entertainment: n. 娱乐 10. impose: v. 征税，强加

11. performance tax: 演出税 12. instrumental music: 器乐 13. creativity: n. 创造力

14. instrumentalist: n. 乐器演奏家 15. solo: n. 独奏曲

16. melody: n. 适于歌唱的诗

17. experiment: v. 进行实验，试验

托福听写作业15

It may seem strange that we're discussing music from a Broadway production in this class. The Lion King especially since it's based on a popular Hollywood movie. I mean music performed for Broadway theater in the heart of New York city surely would seem to be in the western tradition of popular music and not have much in common with the music we have been studying in this course such as gamelan music of Indonesia or Zulu chants of South Africa music that developed outside the western tradition of Europe and America. But in fact, musicians have a long-standing tradition of borrowing from one another's cultures. And this production's director intentionally included both western and non-western music. That way some of the rhythms, instruments, harmonies typical of non-western music contrast with and complement popular music more familiar to audiences in North America and Europe, music like rock, jazz, or Broadway style show tunes. So I want to spend the rest of this class and most of the next one on the music from the show The Lion King as a way of summarizing some

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

of the technical distinctions between typical western music and the nonwestern music that we've been studying. Now, the African influence on the music is clear. The story takes place in Africa. So the director got a South African composer to write songs with a distinctly African sound. And the songs even include words from African languages. But we'll get back to the African influence later. First, let's turn to the music that was written for the shadow puppet scenes in The Lion King music based on the Indonesian music used in the shadow puppet theater of that region.

生词摘录：

1. Broadway: 百老汇

2. The Lion King: 狮子王 3. Hollywood: 好莱坞

4. gamelan: 加麦兰(一组印尼的民族管弦乐器) 5. Indonesia: 印度尼西亚 6. Zulu: 祖鲁人的

7. chant: n. 旋律，歌曲

8. long-standing: adj. 长期的，长久的 9. intentionally: adv. 有意地，故意地 10. tune: n. 曲调，调子 11. composer: n. 作曲家 12. shadow: n. 影子 13. puppet: n. 木偶

托福听写作业16

One important thing about art movements is that their popularity can be affected by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the Great Depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why? Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. And some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to eject city life in so-called „„sophisticated society”. These artists or specifically certain painters really built regionalist movement. They created scenes of everyday life in small towns or farming areas. And their style was not all neutral, really big glorified or romanticized country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalist artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen people‟s faith in their country, faith that had weakened as a result of the depression. But in the 1940s，before and after the Second World War. American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again.

生词摘录：

1. popularity: n. 流行，普及

2. Regionalism: 20世纪30-40年代美国一批地方主义艺术家的风格 3. flourish: v. 繁荣

4. rural: adj. 乡下的，农村的

5. embrace: v. 拥抱，热忱的接受 6. eject: v. 放弃，离开

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

7. sophisticated: adj. 成熟的

8. specifically: adv. 特定地，明确地

9. regionalist movement: 地方主义运动 10. neutral: adj. 中性的 11. glorify: v. 赞扬

12. romanticize: v. 浪漫化

13. wholesome: adj. （有益于）健康的 14. embody: v. 体现

托福听写作业17

Okay. Uh, you remember that I‟ve mentioned that it‟s important to read the assigned poems aloud, so you can develop an appreciation of the sounds of the poetry: the rhymes, the rhythm, the repetition of words or sounds, and to get a sense of the interplay between the sounds of the words and their meaning. This is really critical as we move into modern poetry, especially by writers who place so much importance on sounds that the meaning becomes all better relevant, like this line by Gertrude Stein that I‟d like to quote. Listen. Listen as I say the words: “Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.” Taken literally, this would seem to be an empty statement, one which gives us no information. But the purpose of a poem need not be to inform the reader of anything, but rather to evoke feelings, to create a sensual, aesthetically pleasing experience. Now Gertrude Stein was better known for her prose than for her poems. But I‟d like to quote this line because of its musicality, and because I think it helps open up our awareness to the unconventional lyricism of contemporary poets. You‟ll see this in your homework tonight as you read the poetry of John Ashbery, especially if you read it out loud, which I recommend you do. Poets like Ashbery don‟t rely so much on any formal rhyme, scheme or meter as on the musical quality of the individual words themselves. As I said, Stein was better known for her non-poetical work. And now I‟d like to touch briefly on her essay entitled “Conversation and Explanation”. This work deals with her theory of writing and will help to explain some of the things we‟ve been talking about.

生词摘录：

1. assign: v. 布置

2. appreciation: n. 欣赏 3. poetry: n. 诗歌

4. rhyme: n. 韵, 韵脚; 同韵的词(如尾音相同的love 和 above, witty 和 pretty) 5. rhythm: n. 节奏，韵律 6. repetition: n. 重复

7. interplay: n. 相互影响，相互作业 8. Gertrude Stein: 格特鲁德·斯坦 9. literally: adv. 照字面地，逐字地 10. sensual: adj. 感觉的，感官的

11. aesthetically: adv. 审美地, 美学观点上地 12. prose: n. 散文

13. musicality: n. 音感, 音乐性 14. awareness: n. 意识，注意

15. unconventional: adj. 非传统的

16. lyricism: n. 抒情诗性质, 抒情诗体; 抒情语句 17. John Ashbery: 约翰·阿什伯里 18. scheme: n. 系统，规律，体系

19. meter: n. 格律，韵律，节拍，节奏

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

20. non-poetical: 非诗歌的 21. entitle: v. 给…题名或命名

22. Conversation and Explanation: 对话和诠释

托福听写作业18

We‟re going to start out discussion of poetry in Western Europe with The Iliad and The Odyssey. These two great poems stand out as great examples of the earliest European poems. They are believed to have been written some time between 800 BC and 700 BC, partly because the poems refer to the social conditions of that time, conditions that have been validated by the findings of archeologists. But just who was the poet who laid down these cornerstones of western literature? Well, tradition ascribes them to a man named Homer, but we know virtually nothing about this Homer. In fact, some say that such a poet never existed at all, that neither the Iliad nor the Odyssey was written by a single poet, but rather, each poem is composed of the writing of several people. This, anyway, was the view of a school of literary critics in the 18th century known as the Analysts. The Analysts pointed to internal evidence such as variations in the literary devices used in the poem to argue that each work was in fact a collection of several poems by several Greek authors. Opposing the Analysts were a second group of scholars called the Unitarian. They insisted that the Iliad and the Odyssey could well have been the work of single poetic genius. To support their argument, they stressed among other things, the consistency of the characters portrayed in the poetry. This wouldn‟t have been possible, they said, if they were written by many different stories. Now how we look at the Homeric question today has been greatly influenced by someone named Milman Parry, an American scholar who first presented his ideas about Homer in the 1930s. So let‟s take a look at Parry‟s research and how it affects what modern-day scholars think about Homer.

生词摘录：

1. The Iliad: 《伊利亚特》(古希腊描写特洛伊战争的英雄史诗, 相传为荷马所作) 2. The Odyssey: 《奥德赛》 3. validate: v. 使…有效，确认

4. finding: n. （一般用复数）研究（调查）的结果；发现 5. archeologist: n. 考古学家（也可写成archaeologist） 6. cornerstone: n. 基石

7. ascribe: v. 归因于，归咎于

8. Homer: 荷马（约前9世纪─前8世纪），相传为古希腊的游吟诗人，生于小亚细亚，失明，创作了史诗《伊

利亚特》和《奥德赛》，两者统称《荷马史诗》。目前没有确切证据证明荷马的存在，所以也有人认为他是传说中被构造出来的人物。而关于《荷马史诗》，大多数学者认为是当时经过几个世纪口头流传的诗作的结晶。 9. literary critic: 文学评论家 10. Analyst: 分析家

11. variation: n. 变化，变动 12. Unitarian: 一位论派 13. consistency: n. 一致性

14. Milman Parry: 米尔曼·帕里

15. modern-day: adj. 当代的，当前的

背景补充：

《伊利亚特》（The Iliad）和《奥德赛》（The Odyssey），相传为荷马所作两部希腊史诗。一般认为《伊利亚特》写作的年代是公元前九世纪或更早。《奥德赛》创作的时间稍晚一些。它们是古希腊文学中最杰出的作品。就其在世界范围内的影响来说，只有圣经和莎士比亚的作品可以与之媲美。

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，以部分或整体的形式，被希腊人在各种节日里朗诵。这两本书被当成早期历史和宗教学说里所有问题的终审法庭。所有受过教育的人都学过这些诗。每部史诗包括二十四卷。《伊利亚特》的名字源于伊利亚姆（Ilium），或特洛伊；《奥德赛》的名字源于奥德修斯，或尤利西斯。

正是由于对史诗中历史真实性的深信不疑，海因里希·施里曼才于19世纪70年代发现了特洛伊城的遗址，并对迈锡尼（希腊国王阿伽门农所在的城市）遗址进行探究。曾被大多数学者认为是传说的事物，其真实性得到了部分证实。1939年C·W·布莱根发现了古希腊国王内斯特的城邦裴罗斯，这一点更加证实了荷马所写的是自己听到的历史事实。考古学家们认为特洛伊战争发生于公元前1194-1184年，在多里安人入侵前，这是希腊迈锡尼人的最后一项丰功伟绩。 《伊利亚特》

这首诗讲述了特洛伊战争最后一年里的49天内所发生的一些事。主要内容是，希腊首领阿伽门农从阿喀琉斯那里抢走了美女俘虏布里塞伊斯，使阿喀琉斯勃然大怒，愤然退出战场，回到自己的营帐。缺少了他，希腊节节败退。

最终，他最好的朋友帕特罗克勒斯借了阿喀琉斯的装备加入战争，被特洛伊首领赫克托耳杀害。为了给朋友报仇，阿喀琉斯重回战场，杀死了赫克托耳并把他的尸体拖在战车后围着特洛伊城转了三圈。赫克托耳的父亲特洛伊国王普里阿摩斯请求归还儿子的遗体，阿喀琉斯同意了。史诗最后一卷讲述了赫克托耳的葬礼和遗体火化。 《奥德赛》

讲述了特洛伊城沦陷以后，奥德修斯返回故乡伊萨卡岛的十年流浪经历。《奥德赛》在风格上比《伊利亚特》更富于浪漫和传奇。

诗篇以天神们的一次会议开头。女神雅典娜抱怨说奥德修斯花了十年时间返乡，故乡伊萨卡岛离他依然那么遥远。天神宙斯于是同意让她帮助奥德修斯。

海神波塞冬对此很生气，因为奥德修斯弄瞎了他儿子波吕斐摩斯（独眼巨人）的眼睛。他让奥德修斯在离开卡里普索岛之后不久就遭遇海难，奥德修斯因此被困在岛上七年。又经历了千辛万苦后，奥德修斯才回到故乡伊萨卡岛，但他发现妻子珀涅罗珀被一帮求婚者包围。女神雅典娜把奥德修斯装扮成乞丐。

珀涅罗珀对求婚者许诺，谁能用奥德修斯的弓箭射中十二把斧头的穿孔她就嫁给谁。一些人尝试了，但是连弓都没法拉开。奥德修斯很轻松地做到了。在儿子忒勒马科斯的协助下，他杀死了那些求婚者。珀涅罗珀最终认出了他。 有一个次要的故事情节，是奥德修斯的儿子忒勒马科斯在女神雅典娜的鼓励下找寻父亲。最后终于找到，但当时父子俩都已返回伊萨卡岛。

托福听写作业19

Continuing our survey of the 19th century, let's take a look now at Harriet Beecher Stowe. Now Stowe is best known for her novel Uncle Tom‟s Cabin, a book that details the harshness of plantation life in the south. The book was extremely popular in the United States as well as in other countries. Ironically though, for the attention given to Uncle Tom‟s Cabin, it is far from Stowe‟s best work. She did write one other novel about life in the south. But much of her best work has nothing to do with the south at all. In fact, Stowe‟s best writing is about village life in the New England states in the 19th century. In recording the customs of the villages she wrote about, Stowe claimed that her purpose was to reflect the images as realistically as possible. She usually succeeded, for her settings were often described actually and in detail. In this sense, she was an important forerunner to the realistic movement that became popular later in the 19th century. She was one of the first writers to use local dialect for her characters when they spoke. And she did this for thirty years before Mark Twain popularized the use of local dialect. It makes sense that Stowe would write about New England life, since she was born in Connecticut. As a young woman there, she worked as a teacher. The teaching

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

job helped lead to her first published work, a geography book for children. Later, when she was married, her writing helped to support her family financially. Throughout her life, she wrote poems, travel books, biographical sketches and children‟s books as well as novels for adults.

生词摘录：

1. survey: n. 调查，审视

2. Harriet Beecher Stowe: 比彻· 斯托夫人 3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 4. detail: v. 详述，详细说明

5. harshness: n. 艰苦，恶劣，严峻 6. plantation: n. 种植园

7. ironically: adv. 说反话地，讽刺地 8. reflect: v. 反映

9. setting: n. （一般用复数）（书、影片等中情节发生的）地点（时间） 10. forerunner: n. 先驱

11. realistic movement: 现实主义运动 12. dialect: n. 方言

13. popularize: v. 普及

14. Connecticut: 康乃狄格 (美国东北部州名) 15. financially: adv. 经济上 16. biographical sketch: 传略

背景补充：

斯托夫人(1811年6月14日 - 16年7月1日)，美国著名作家、废奴主义者，最著名的作品《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom's Cabin) 成为美国南北战争的导火线之一。她的一生以写作为生，发表了多部作品。

斯托夫人的父亲比彻 (Beecher) 是著名的公理会牧师和废奴主义者，共有8个孩子。她四岁丧母，由长姊教育，在哈特福德长大，后来随父移居俄亥俄州辛辛那提，一个废奴情绪强烈的州。成为教师的她，积极参加文学界和教育界的活动。1836年和牧师兼神学院教授斯托 (Stowe) 结婚，丈夫鼓励她继续写作，但丈夫体弱多病，因此生活贫寒；他们共生有7个孩子，但大都早夭。

辛辛那提和蓄奴州肯塔基州只有一河之隔，他们在那里生活了18年，经常接触逃亡奴隶。她自己也到过南方，亲眼目到黑奴的悲惨生活。他们的家后来成为帮助南方奴隶逃亡的中转站之一。1850年，由于丈夫工作变迁，他们搬到缅因州，她从1851年到1852年为华盛顿特区的报纸《民族时代》撰写连载小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋，卑贱者的生活》，揭露南方黑奴受到非人的待遇，因此受到南方奴隶主的痛恨，卻在北方受到热烈的欢迎——成本印刷出书时，首天就卖出三千本，第一年卖出30万册，翻译成超过40种文字，后来改编成剧本，每次上演场场爆满，大大促进了北方的废奴情绪。1853年她发表了《汤姆叔叔的小屋题解》，列举了大量文件和证据证实《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom's Cabin) 中的描写是真实的。同年她去欧洲旅行，在英国受到热烈赞扬。 1856年她发表《德雷德，阴沉地大沼泽地的故事》，进一步揭露蓄奴制的社会堕落现象。 1859年她发表小说《牧师的求婚》。1869年，《老镇居民》都是描写她熟悉的新英格兰生活。

1869年，她经过对历史资料的研究，发表了《拜伦生活》，揭露拜伦和他妹妹有过乱伦的恋爱关系。因為诗人拜伦是英国人心中的偶像，这篇文章在英国引起大哗，英国人开始攻击她。 16年，她在哈特福德去世，终年85岁。

托福听写作业20

听写是听力提高最有效的方法

One type of natural springs geographers are interested in is artesian springs. Hiking through the woods, some of you may have been surprised to see water flowing from an opening in the ground that was nowhere near a stream or river. That may have been an artesian spring. To help you understand why water might flow like this from underground, I‟d like to explain the two basic conditions that are necessary for their formation. The first condition is that water must be contained in an aquifer. An aquifer is an underground layer of rock or sediment that has pores or holes in it. And this porous through rock allows water to flow through it freely. The aquifer must be inclined so that the upper end of it is exposed to the air at the surface of the ground. Rain water enters it through the exposed end and travels downward to the lower portions of the aquifer. The second condition is that above and below the aquifer there must be layers of nonporous rock or clay. These are called aquicludes and they will block or hinder the flow of water. Aquicludes prevent water from draining out of aquifers. So let‟s go back to our artesian springs. They are usually located above ground, near the lower end of inclined aquifers. Artesian springs are those places where some hole or crack extends from the ground surface down through the aquiclude and into the aquifer. Now the rain water that had drained into the aquifer from its exposed upper end created a buildup of pressure at the lower end. So if there is a crack in the rock, a crack that runs from the aquifer to the surface, then the pressure pushes the water up through it. And water comes trickling out of the artesian spring.

生词摘录：

1. spring: 泉水

2. artesian spring: 自流泉 3. hiking: n. 徒步旅行 4. formation: n. 形成 5. aquifer: n. 含水土层 6. layer: n. 层

7. sediment: n. 沉淀物 8. pore: n. 小孔

9. porous: adj. 可渗透的，多孔的 10. inclined: adj. 倾斜的，有斜坡的 11. expose: v. 暴露 12. end: n. （一）端

13. nonporous: 无细孔的 14. clay: n. 粘土

15. aquiclude: n. 隔水层 16. block: v. 阻塞 17. hinder: v. 阻碍

18. drain: v. 流走，排出 19. extend: n. 延伸

20. buildup: n. 组织，组成，加强 21. trickle: v. 滴流，细细地流