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“重复”在汉译英中的处理

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练习2:(汉译英)

《红楼梦》问世不久,就获得了广大读者的注意和喜爱。当时很快从北京传到南方。《红楼梦》故事成为当时人们谈话的中心,大量地被改编成说唱和戏剧在民间演出。中国出现了许多研究《红楼梦》的“红学家”。《红楼梦》在世界上也影响深远,不断地被翻译成英、法、日、俄、德等多种文字,介绍到国外去,深受各国人民的喜爱。英、美、日等国也出现了许多《红楼梦》研究专家。《红楼梦》的确是世界文学宝库中的一部辉煌巨著。

①A Dream of the Red Mansions won the attention and love of a wide reading public soon after it was brought into the world, first in northern China and then in the south. ②For a time, the novel was on the lips of everyone and many adaptations, either in the form of a talking and singing opera of other dramatic forms, were put on the stage. ③Furthermore, many experts have emerged in China who make a career of studying this novel and are dubbed “Red Mansion experts”. ④The book has also gained influence worldwide. ⑤Having been translated into many foreign languages such as English, French, Japanese, Russian and German, it has been introduced to and accepted by people in various parts of the world. In countries like the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan there have also emerged “Red Mansion experts”. Indeed, there is every reason to say that A Dream of the Red Mansions is a masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature.

本段介绍《红楼梦》在国内外的传播与影响。为使段意集中、凝练,译文分别用A Dream of the Red Mansions(句①),the novel(句②),The book(句④),it(句⑤)所指相同、形式不同的词作主语,与原语中反复出现的主题词“红楼梦”相吻合。同样,译文述说的《红

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楼梦》的传播与影响,先国内后国外,最后采用that分句,即 A Dream of the Red Mansions is a masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature,几乎逐词译出,而其中主题词A Dream of the Red Mansions又与段首词遥相呼应。

“重复”在汉译英中的处理

重复在汉语语篇中是很常见的,是语篇衔接的一种主要手段。英语语篇中有时也会使用重复,做为一种修辞手段来起到强调的作用。

英语并非一概排斥重复,英语中的重复多数是为了在修辞上起到强调的作用(余立三,1985),但是重复在英语中的使用远没有汉语中普遍。有人将“叠言”(rhetorical(repetition)列为美学修辞的一种。尽管累赘重复(redundancy)是修辞的一忌,但在特定情景中有意识的重复却能起到很有力的修辞效果(范家材,1992)。例如,美国黑人民权运动的著名领袖马丁·路德·金在其演说中,通过多次有意识的重复,表达他激越而不断升华的感情。这是借助修辞而产生的威力。请看下面的这段演说:

With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair as a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(Martin Luther King I Have a Dream)

[译]怀着这个信念,我们就能够从绝望的大山中凿出一块希望的磐石。怀着这个信念,我们就能够将我们不和谐的喧嚣之声,变为一首优美的友爱交响曲。怀着这个信念,我们

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就将能够一同工作,一同斗争,一同入狱,一同争取自由,因为我们知道,终有一天我们将获得自由。

但是,英语里语篇的衔接主要是依赖代词、同义词或者上位词的替换和其它手段,在一般情况下要避免重复的出现。汉英这两种语言在这方面的差异在翻译中显得尤为突出。例如,白话文《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》中有下面这样一段话:

例1.第二天,邹碰巧见了徐大人。邹又暗暗地仔细打量着徐大人。在把自己与徐大人做了仔细比较后,他仍看不出他比徐大人还漂亮。他回家又在镜子面前看自己:他认识到自己比不上徐大人漂亮。

译:The next day,Zou came across Mr.Xu.He thoroughly examined him and made a careful comparison. Still he could not believe he was nicer than him.He went tO look at himself in the mirror again and realized he was not as handsome as Mr.Xu.

在这一段里,我们看到汉语原文中“徐大人”重复地出现了五次,而英语译文中仅重复了两次,其余两次用代词“him”来指代了,另外一次省略掉了。译者这样做是为了遵从英语语篇的特点,反之,如果将篇中每一次出现的“徐大人”都译成“Mr.Xu”,这样的英语就变得无法接受了。

例3.秦淮河里的船,比北京万生园,颐和园的船好,比西湖的船好,比扬州瘦西湖的船好。这几处的船不是觉着笨,就是觉着简陋,局促;都不能引起乘客们的情韵,如秦淮河里的船一样。秦淮河里的船约略可分为两种……(朱自清(《浆声灯影里的秦淮河》)

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[译] The ships on the Qinhuai are better than those in Beijing’s Myriad Creature Garden and Summer Palace and Hangzhou's West Lake, better than those on Yangzhou’s Shouxi Lake. These vessels in those places are either clumsy or crude and cramped, less inviting than those on the Qinhuai, which fall roughly into two categories…

把这两段加以比较,可以明显地看出汉语和英语的不同特点。汉语原文中的“船”重复出现了6次,并不显得累赘,而英语译文里,“ships”一词仅仅在首次提到时出现了一次,其它都用代词those,关系代词which,或用近义词“vessel”替代。再如,

例4.封建社会代替奴隶社会,资本主义代替封建主义,社会主义经历一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。(《邓选》第三卷)

[译] Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.

汉语中接连三次使用“代替”显得工整对称,而英译文中,换用了三个不同的近义词,充分利用英语语篇中衔接功能的表现技巧,使重复中富于变化,文章也显得流畅自然。再如,

例5.土地和谷物是人们赖以生存的根本。祭社稷便是表示人们对土地和谷物的敬重。(《中国文化胜迹故事》)

[译] The earth and the cereals sustain the life of human beings and hence ceremonies were held to pay respect for them.

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在这个例子里,汉语原文中“土地和谷物”重复了两次,而不用代词替代,英译文中却用代词“them”替代前面出现过“the earth and the cereals”。 从这些例子中我们也可以看出汉语在处理篇章中的衔接时往往使用相同的词重复,而英语则尽量地避免重复,使用其它的手段包括近义词的替代和代词的替代。

例6.只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力,没有讲还要通过改革生产力,不完全。(《邓选》第三卷)

[译] In the past, we only stressed expansion of the productive forces under socialism, without mentioning the need to liberate them through reform. That conception was incomplete.

在原文中“生产力”重复地出现了两次,这是汉语的特点;在英语中当这一词第二次出现时,用了代词“them”替代。使用代词可以使简化译文。

例7.双方愿意与联合国及其专门机构密切合作,为提高联合国的工作效率而努力。《中俄关于世界多极化和建立国际新秩序的联合声明》1997,4,13)

[译] The two sides express the readiness to step up their close cooperation with the UN and its specialized agencies toward greater efficiency of the organization.

例8.(……一个世纪以来,中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化……)第一次是辛亥,……第二次是中华人民共和国的成立,……第三次是改革开放…… 《所做的十五大报告》

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[译] The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911…The second change was marked by the founding of the People’s Republic of China…The third change was featured by the reform-opening up.”(China Daily)

在这个例子的汉语原文中,“是”重复使用了三次,如全部译成was,会很单调乏味。现将其分别译成“was represented by\",“was marked by”和“was featured by”,这样的译文显得通畅、不单调,更有生气。

例9.发展新兴产业和高技术产业——把开发新技术,新产品,新产业同开拓市场结合起来,把发展技术密集型产业和劳动密集型产业结合起来。(十五大)

[译] We should develop rising and high-tech industries---combine the efforts to develop new technologies, products and industries with the efforts to open up markets and integrate the development of technology-intensive with labor-intensive industries.(China Daily)

在汉语原文中“新兴产业”“高技术产业”是固定词组,一般不说“新兴与高技术产业,”而英语中却可以简明扼要地说成“rising and high-tech industries”.原文中“新技术”,“新产品”,“新产业”中“新”字重复了三次,译文中将其合并为一,提取了出来。

例10.“沉默啊!沉默啊!不在沉默中爆发就在沉默中灭亡。”(鲁迅《呐喊》自序)

[译] ‘‘Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.”

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这里的原文,“沉默”一词重复了四次,在层层递进的呐喊声中,表现了作者对白色恐怖的强烈不满,也预示着民众即将奋起反抗的决心。这一意义在杨宪益和戴乃迭的译文中得到了很好的体现。原文前两次重复,直译为英语不显得啰索;而后的两次重复,译者有意识地省略其一,将silence前加上this起强调作用,起到了同样的作用。再如,

例11.“‘好哇,大风,你就使劲地刮吧。你现在刮得越大,秋后的雨水就越充足。刮吧,使劲得刮吧,刮来个丰收的好年景,刮来个富强的好日子。”(峻青《秋色赋》)

[译] “All right,wind! Roar as hard as you like. The stronger you blow now, the more rain we will get in autumn. Come on! You’ll have us a good harvest and bring us a good life.

这一段译得很从容贴切,而又不拘泥于原文的文字。特别是第二句里,没有重复“the blowing of the wind”,只是用代词“you”来指称“the wind”。

例12.在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两棵树,一株是枣树,还有一株还是枣树。(鲁迅《秋夜》)

[译]Over the wall from my back garden you call see two trees. One is a date tree; so is the other.

鲁迅先生在这里两次重复“枣树”,实际上是将它作为一种修辞手段,用来强调他园子里树的单调,而英语中可以用比较简洁的方式“so is the other”,将这一层意思表达出来。

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例13.发挥工会和职工代表大会在民主决策,民主管理,民主监督中的作用。(1999年9月22日共第十五届委员会第四次全体会议发布的《关于国有企业改革和发展若干问题的决定》)

[译] The role of trade unions and workers’ congresses in democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision should be enhanced.

这里译文中重复使用了“democratic”一词是为了强调译文的严谨,这是文章的性质决定的。

“使用同义词”(以避免重复)一项可以删去,[但汉英翻译就会用得着这种策略。]但也许要加上一项相反的策略,就是“重复”(以避免使用同义词),[同时把艾克西拉的“重复”策略改为“照抄源文”。]因为英语比汉 语害怕重复:

例14

Cuba holds some of the world’s longest-serving political prisoners,Amnesty International said Thursday.

“Several hundred” are serving at least 15 years and some are serving 20 years,the London-based human rights group stated.

This puts the Caribbean state in the same class as Cameroun and Paraguay,it said.The independent organization has made political prisoners around the world

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its special concern.

在这段新闻报道里,用了两个同义词来表示古巴(Cuba,the Caribbean State),四个同义词来表示国际特赦组织(Amnesty International,the London-based human rights group,it,the independent organization)。这种避免重复的风格,并不符合汉语习惯,假如直译过来,一些读者甚至可能看不出几个词的同义关系。另外,汉语也比较少用代名词。因此,如果翻译目的是制作一篇汉语的新闻报道,刊登在一份以广大读者为对象的报纸,大概应该把“the Caribbean State”“还原”为古巴。至于后面的四个同义词,起码应该把“it”译为“国际特赦组织”;假如要动再大一些的手术,还可以把四个都作同样处理;假如担心读者对这个组织了解不多,则可以把最后一句扩展为:“国际特赦组织是个的组织,总部设在伦敦,特别关注世界各地的政治犯问题”。

另一篇新闻报道,用了四个方法来称呼20世纪80年代的英国首相撒切尔夫人:“Margaret Thatcher”,“the Prime Minister”,“the Iron Lady”,“the 63-year-old woman”。新闻翻译工作者可能会把前两个词一律译为“撒切尔首相”,第三个直译为“铁娘子”,第四个译为“今年六十三岁的撒切尔夫人”之类,因为说“女人”太不敬了。

3.隐性意义重复的处理

以上讨论的重复问题都是指在同一语篇里某些词句的重复出现,这种重复是明显的、外在的,我们称之为显形重复。此外,篇章中还存在隐性重复,所谓隐性重复或意义重复是指两个或多个词语在外形上不同,而是在语义上相同或相近,或者是从汉语的形式上看不出重复,而在汉译英时,若按汉语的表达习惯翻译时译文中会出现的一种意义重复。

例如:近年来国内译书纷纷问世,翻译理论书籍或大学翻译教材也相继出现,使译界

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呈现出欣欣向荣的景象。

Recent years have witnessed prosperity in domestic translation circles because of the publication of a series of translated books, as well as books of translation study/theory and translation textbooks.

结论

无论是在汉语还是英语的篇章中,重复都是做为一种修辞的手段。在汉语里的重复是语篇衔接的一种主要方式,出现的频率较高,在英语里语篇衔接更多是依赖代词、近义词的替代,省略句型的使用,重复只有在强调时才使用。以这样的原则作为指导,在英汉翻译中,遇到重复问题,应该分清重复在原文中的语篇功能,是衔接还是强调。如果是前者就应该采取不同的方式来处理,不能简单地照搬,如果在汉语中的重复也具有很强的强调作用,英语译文就要考虑是否保留重复这一形式。

(课文《英汉互译实用教程》郭著章,第三章,重译法)

这一节要讲的重译法,如前面所述,有的著家亦称之为重复法等。repetition在翻译中被称为一种技巧,自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复,而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义:在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。

一般说来,重译法有如下三个作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。

一、为了使译文明确或强调某些内容,就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这

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些误解,在某些文体中,特别是在合同、条约等正式的应用文体中,要少用代词而重复使用名词。譬如下面的译例,在译文中要重复使用“日本”等名词而尽量避免使用代词“它”。因为这一段文字引自一涉及中国、前苏联和日本三国关系的条约,引文中的both contracting parties指China和The Soviet Union,所谈之事关系重大,如果用“它”太多,那么“它”代表China、Japan呢,还是代表The Soviet Union呢?不同的人会有不同的理解,因此翻译下句中代词it时应重译其前面的名词。

“Both contracting parties undertake jointly to adopt all necessary measures at their disposal for the purpose of preventing the resumption of aggression and violation of peace on the part of Japan or any other state which would collaborate with Japan directly or indirectly in act of aggression.In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war,the other contracting party will immediately render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.’’

“缔约国双方保证共同尽力采取一切必要的措施,以期制止日本或其他直接或间接在侵略行为上与日本相勾结的任何国家之重新侵略与破坏和平。一旦缔约

国的一方受到日本或与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽其全力给予军事及其他援助。”

二、为了明确,有时需要重复宾语。在英语中,一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。定语后的名词亦如此。如:

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1.We have to analyze and solve problems.

我们要分析问题,解决问题。

2.Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

3.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation often show themselves in its speech.

民族的贵族倾向和民主倾向常在其言语中表现出来。

三、英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。如:

1.I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule,so has he.

我已提前完成了交给我的工作,他也提前完成了交给他的工作。

2.Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.

无知是恐惧的根源,也是敬佩的根源。

3.The Use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law---in particular of the Geneva Convention.

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使用原子武器显然违反国际法,特别违反日内瓦公约。

4.At that time many people could not read or write.

当时,许多人不会读书,也不会写字。

5.他们忘记了少数服从多数,下级服从上级,局部服从全体,全党服从的民主集中制。

They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority,the lower level to the higher level,the part to the whole,and the whole Party to the Central Committee.

6.但是我们还是有缺点的,而且还有很大的缺点。

But we still have defects,and very big ones.

四、被定语从句修饰的名词有时在英译汉中要重复。

We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence,which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.

我们提倡和平共处的原则,这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。

五、在汉译英时,往往还有下面两种情况:一是汉语重复,英译时也重复;二是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法。以不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的

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生动性。

1. 这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。

What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figures.

2.大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。

A large family has its difficulties.

3.车辚辚,马萧萧,行人弓箭各在腰。

Chariots rumble and roll;horses whinny and neigh.

Footmen at their girdle bows and arrows display.

4.帝城春欲暮,喧喧车马度。

In the Royal city spring is almost over;

Tinkle,Tinkle--the coaches and horsemen pass.

5.白杨何萧萧,松柏夹广路。

The white aspens,how they murmur,murmur;

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Pines and cypresses flank the broad paths.

6.天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。

The sky is blue,blue;

And the steppe wide,wide;

Over grass that the wind has battered low;

Sheep and oxen roam.

7.寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最难将息。

Seek,seek;search,search;

Cold,cold;bare,bare;

Grief,grief;cruel,cruel grief.

Now warm,then like the autumn cold again,

How hard to calm the heart !

:I look for what I miss. I know not what it is. I feel so sad, so drear, so lonely, without cheer. How hard is it to keep me fit in this lingering cold!(许渊冲)

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8.茫茫九派流中国,沉沉一线穿南北。

Wide,wide flow the nine streams through the land,

Dark,dark threads the line from south to north.

9.行行重行行,与君生别离。

On and on,always on and on,

Away from you,parted by a life-parting.

10.这几件旧衣服和些旧家什,当的当了,卖的卖了。

Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.

11.胜也罢,败也罢,我们要打到底。

Victory or defeat,we shall fight to the bitter end.

12.我们死也好,活也好,一定要忠于祖国。

Live or die, we shall be loyal to our motherland.

13.悲莫悲兮生别离,乐莫乐兮新相知。

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Nothing is sadder than to part for ever;

Nothing is happier than to contract a new acquaintance.

14.一个个面面相觑,都软倒了。

Each stared speechless at the other, and all fell feebly to the ground.15.桃花谢了春红,太匆匆。

The flowering trees have lost their spring hues,all too soon !

16.谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦。

Who knows that ev’ry grain in the bowl

Is the fruit of so much pain and toil?

17.夜夜长留半被,待君梦魂归来。

Night after night I ever keep for him the half of my quilt,

In expectation of his spirit coming back to me in a dream.

18.青青河边草,郁郁园中柳。

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Green grows the grass upon the bank,

The willow shoots are long and lank.

19.梯田渐渐稀,村舍遥遥对。

Ridges of fields grow few and far between,

While far away some cottages are seen.

20.舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。

Lightly floats and drifts the boat,and gentlyflows and flaps my gown.21.春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟。

In spring we sleep a sleep that knows no dawn,

And everywhere the songs of birds resound.

22.一个蚊子哼哼哼,两个苍蝇嗡嗡嗡。

A mosquito hums and hums,

Two flies drone and drone.

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以上22个译例之原文绝大多数源出中国古典文学,因多为名句,故每一句原文均可找出多种译法,此处只引用一种译法,不一定是最佳的译法,只供讨论翻译技巧时参考。

与汉译英的情况相似,英译汉时有时也要根据各自的习惯用法进行重复。

如:

1.Gentlemen may cry,peace,peace——but there is no peace.

先生们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。

2.If you didn’t succeed first, try, try, try again.

起初不成功,可以一试再试。

3.What we want,first and foremost,is to learn,to learn and to learn。

我们首先需要的是学习、学习、再学习。

4.Scrooge went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over.

司克罗琪又上床去,左思右想, 想个不休。

5.Nels had it all written out neatly.

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纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。

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