高考英语-书面表达之概要写作-专题练习(十九)(含答案与解析)

书面表达之概要写作

1．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

With global warming and melting ice, it isn’t easy being a polar bear anymore. Some studies have predicted that polar bears could die out by the end of the century. The good news is not all researchers think the bears are absolutely disappearing. Scientists at the American Museum of Natural History（AMNH） have published a new paper indicating that things might not be as bad for polar bears as some scientists expect.

To understand the reason for the researchers’ cautious optimism, we must first understand the factors that are threatening the polar bear’s existence. Polar bears consume a diet of mainly young seals. In order to hunt these seals, polar bears need to rest at the top of sea ice — the same ice that is increasingly melting for most of the year thanks to climate change. In another 50 years, experts expect that the Arctic will be too warm for sea ice to form for half of the year, leaving polar bears without a reliable food source and in serious danger of starvation.

As it turns out, alternative food sources for the polar bears aren’t completely out of the question. For as long as biologists have tailed after the animals, they’ve seen polar bears eating animals found on land like caribou（驯鹿） and snow geese — as well as the snow geese’s eggs.

Can polar bears actually survive off these alternative food sources for long periods of time? To figure this out, researchers calculated the nutrients that a caribou and snow geese diet would provide. They found that even adult male polar bears would be able to obtain more calories than they would burn in hunting these meals. Moreover, the food would provide the food necessary to avoid starvation during the summer months.

Unfortunately, not all polar bears have tended to seek food on land. That said, the researchers expect that necessity would push more polar bears to hunt on land to avoid starvation. They also expect that the bears could learn from their fellow bears how to hunt on land until the practice becomes second nature. 2．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

In a small village, the parents of a little boy were very depressed due to his bad temper（脾气）. The boy used to get angry very easily and hurt others with his words. While he forgot what he spoke in anger, his friends and neighbors avoided him.

His mother and father tried many ways to make him give up his anger and develop kindness. Unfortunately, all their attempts failed. Finally, the boy’s father came up with an idea.

One day, his father gave him a huge bag of nails, asking him to hammer one nail to the fence every time he lost his temper. The little boy found it funny and accepted what his father had said.

His anger drove him to hammer 30 nails into the fence on the first day! Over the next few days, the little boy found it very difficult to hammer the nails into the fence and decided to control his temper.

Gradually, the number of nails hammered into the fence was reduced and the day arrived when he hammered

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none!

Now, his father told him to remove the nails every day as he had controlled his anger. Several days passed and the boy was able to pull out most of the nails from the fence.

The father appreciated him and asked him, pointing to one of the holes, “What do you see there?” The boy replied, “A hole in the fence?”

He told the boy, “The nails were your bad temper and they were hammered into people. You can remove the nails but still see the holes in the fence. The fence never looks the same! It has scars all over! Your bad temper and anger were like that! Use words for good. Use them to show your heart!” 3．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

A woman gave up her fetus（胎儿） in Central China’s Hubei Province after her 13­year­old daughter threatened to commit suicide.

The event drew people’s attention to the single child mentality, which may be an obstacle as the country tries to relax the single child policy. The woman, 44, had been pregnant for 13 weeks. Her daughter became unhappy after knowing that she was going to have a brother or sister. Her anxiety reached its peak, when the ninth grader cut her wrists with a razor blade in an attempted suicide, according to a report of the local Wuhan Evening News.

The case may sound extreme, but the girl is not the only child in China showing jealousy of a younger sibling. Zhuang Zhuang（not his real name） was 16 when his younger brother was born last year. Since then he’s fallen behind in his classes.

“They never cared about me again,” the teenager complained. “I’m under great pressure to do well in academic performances, so as to win attention from my parents.”

The one child policy was relaxed in 2013, in an attempt to address the country’s declining labor force and aging population. A majority of the Chinese provincial regions, including the most populated Henan, have allowed couples to have a second child if either parent is an only child. Beijing also followed suit. Although 11 million couples have been granted a permit to have a second child, statistics from the National Health and Family Planning Commission show only close to one million couples out of them filed birth applications by the end of last year. “Economic cost”, “time cost” and “one child is enough” were listed as top reasons for not having a second child, according to a survey by China Youth Daily. Many parents give the third reason, out of concern for their first child.

Xia Xueluan, a sociology professor at Peking University, believes the one child policy, enacted more than three decades ago, created many young “emperors” and “empresses” in China. “Parents spoiled their children, so many kids tend to be self-centered without consideration for others,” he said. 4．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

You may never think a documentary film could have aroused so much public enthusiasm in Chinese history. Nowadays everybody is talking about a new 7-part documentary called A Bite of China which was recently broadcast late at night on CCTV-1. The documentary describes various gourmet items across the vast Chinese

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culinary landscape.

According to Taobao, China’s biggest online retail website, just five days after the series began to air, nearly 6 million people went to the site in search of various local specialties, particularly those mentioned in the documentary. More than 7.2 million deals were concluded. A ham producer from Yunnan Province saw his sales grow 17-fold in five days.

However, one can’t help but believe that the documentary’s popularity is probably linked to the endless stream of terrible food security issues that have emerged in recent years. In one well received article, a netizen wrote, “I wonder how many felt so empty hearted and sighed after watching the film. Blue vitriol watered chive, formaldehyde sprayed cabbage, Sudan Red colored salty eggs, restaurants using gutter oil. The list is long...”

How will a varied and ancient food culture that is famous worldwide and which should have made the Chinese proud end? Food is the most vital thing in people’s lives. Yet China’s food industry has made people a little worried due to some severe food safety crisis. The market is huge while the cost of faking and cheating is so low for immoral businessmen; and the punishment is too light. Take the milk industry as an example. Although Sanlu, the company that sold the melamine adulterated milk powder, was punished, thousands of other dairies didn’t work hard to improve the quality. Therefore, food safety problems should be an important concern of Chinese government so that our ancient food culture can be preserved.

As the documentary shows, people are attracted not to gourmet items like mats take, a species of rare mushroom grown naturally in remote forests, but to common Chinese dishes like barley, lotus root or tofu. They are what meet our basic needs. This explains why people are so excited about A Bite of China — it is a reminder that there is still a world out there where food is excellent and safe. 5．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

A tender woman, or an independent one, which one would you prefer? A recent research shows that most people would choose the latter.

This type of woman is called a nühanzi （“tough woman”）. Experts believe these characteristics have social and psychological roots among young females in China. Su Hao’s friends all call her a tough woman, because she can finish tough tasks usually carried out by men. For example, she carries 10-litre water to her dormitory on the 5th floor. “I depend on no one but myself,” she says.

According to a recent survey by China Youth Daily, tough women have become rather common in society. Of the 21,265 respondents, 78.5 percent said they are familiar with a tough woman. About 50 percent said they like women with tough characteristics, while less than 29 percent expressed the opposite view.

Why are tough women gaining popularity? Shen Meng, a psychological consultant, believes the fierce competition in society is contributing to this trend. “Women are often in a disadvantaged position compared to men,” Shen says. “In order to survive, they have to be independent, strong and tough. ” Liu Xiaolin, professor of psychology at Wuhan Mental Health Center, believes tough women are brought up this way. They are often on close relationship with their fathers, who teach their daughters to be brave and decisive,” he says. As a result, these

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women are more likely to be psychologically healthy and more tolerant to stress, according to Liu.

Though Liu believes that this is a good trend, Hu Shenzhi, a psychologist at the Guangdong Sunflower Counseling Center, says the popularity of tough woman indicates an unclear line between gender identities, which can lead to relationship problems. “Some women with characteristics that differ from the traditional female image may have a difficult time finding Mr. Right,” he says. “Even if they get married, their manly characteristics might cause family conflicts. 6．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity（繁荣）. Others say that competition is bad, that it sets one person against another and that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit（追求） of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.

However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which only values the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse, “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t want to try.” What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot.

Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve（缓解） can we discover a new meaning in competition. 7．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （监控） in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e­mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消极的）, but that didn’t necessarily mean

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people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn. colleague analyzed the “most e­mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than conscience articles. He found that science amazed The Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.

Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused（激发） one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article was, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On. 8．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

For those who study the development of intelligence in the animal world, self-awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware of itself has a high level of intelligence.

Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image. Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying little attention to the reflected image. Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins, have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.

Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test.

“We thought that elephants were the next important animal,” said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plutonic and Fans B.M. de Waal of Emory University. “With their large brains,” Reiss said, “elephants seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins.”

The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8-foot-square mirror on a wall of the animals’ play area （out of the sight of zoo visitors） and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror.

The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it, and to examine parts of their bodies.

Of the three, Happy then passed the test, in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.

Diana Reiss said, “We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.” 9．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain（保持） a healthy lifestyle. Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body. However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it’s not only great for

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improving physical health but for psychological health. It’s an opportunity to be social, release endorphins（内啡肽）, and improve your strength. Additionally, group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard. The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.

Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don’t want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better option for you. It’s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision of a fitness instructor. If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track. Don’t let fitness frighten you!

If you’re serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it’s extremely important to surround yourself with people who’ll provide you with the proper emotional support. I wouldn’t scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn’t expect anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Make fitness even more fun by trying something new or any group fitness class, with a friend. Plan to go for a jog together. Then try a fun healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar! Fitness can be both fun and social!

Surrounding yourself with people who’ll provide you with respect support can be very beneficial while working towards reaching health and fitness goals. First, decide to do it for yourself and work towards staying positive. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation. 10．概要写作

阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.

If you know something is bad for you, why can’t you just stop? About 70% of smokers say they would like to stop. Drug and alcohol abusers struggle to give up the bad habits that hurt their bodies and destroy families and friendships. And many of us have unhealthy weight that we could lose if only we would eat right and exercise more. So why don’t we do it?

Some scientists have been searching for answers. They’ve studied what happens in our brains as habits form. They’ve found answers to why bad habits, once formed, are so difficult to kick. And they’re developing ways to help us make the changes we’d like to make.

Habits are a normal part of life, and are often helpful. “We wake up every morning, shower, comb our hair or brush our teeth without being aware of it,” Volker says. We can drive along familiar routes without really thinking about the directions. “When behaviors become automatic, it gives us an advantage, because the brain does not have to perform the action on purpose,” Volker says. This frees up our brains to focus on different things.

One way to kick bad habits is to focus on your unhealthy habits. Then try your best to stop them. For example, habits can be linked in our minds to certain places and activities. You could develop a plan, to avoid walking down the hall where there’s a candy machine. Try to avoid going to places where you’ve usually smoked. Stay away from

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friends and situations linked to problem drinking or drug use.

Another helpful way is to replace unhealthy habits with new, healthy ones. “It doesn’t work for everyone,” Volker says. “But certain groups of patients who have a history of taking drugs can do something else like running and it helps them stay away from drugs.”

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高考英语专题练习（十九）

书面表达之概要写作

解 析

1．

2．

One possible version:

There was a little bad-tempered boy in a small village（要点一）. To help him give up his anger, his father asked him to hammer a nail into a fence whenever he became angry（要点二）and remove one whenever he didn’t lose his temper. Gradually, the boy could control his temper. This story tells us just like holes （要点三）（要点四）in a fence, a bad temper and anger can hurt others forever（要点五）. 3．

4．

5．

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6．

7．

Nowadays scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. This is because when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. They also found that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non­science articles. Moreover, readers also tended to share articles that are exciting or funny. 8．

9．

10．

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