高中英语语法重难点解析

【语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】

定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。

一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种： ①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。

如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun. 在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。

乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”不对啊，天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。 ②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。 如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? 你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？

when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。

③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后

如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。

【语法难点精析之besides, but, except, except for, excepting, apart from的区别】 （１） besides与except 前者表示＂除．．．以外，还有．．．＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去．．．＂ 这个大家都知道，就不举例子了． （２）except与except for

a．除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用except eg：All the essays are well written except Nelson’s.

Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except． b．除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾． eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.

a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同类的事物．出去的是“错误”，而非除去的是“散文，文章”，两者属于不同的概念范畴。

（３）apart from 具有多重意义：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，还可以表示without的意思 eg：

Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides) 不止花费大，还需要很多时间。

The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except) 只有他的叔叔照顾这个孤儿。 He has done good work, apart from a few slight faults.(=except for) 抛却一些小错，他干得很好。 There can be no knowledge apart from practice.（＝without）实践出真知。

（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后 eg:

Excepting his brother,they are all right.

Everyone,not excepting myself, must share the blame.

All of us, without excepting those who know more about the subject, should study. All my brothers com here every day, always excepting the youngest. （５）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，

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nobody等词以后及all，none之后 eg：

The children go to school everyday but Sunday. They are all gone but me.

You can get the book anywhere but here. There is no one but me.

Who but George would do such a thing?

【语法难点之too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】 【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】

我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为\"太...以致于不能\" eg:He is too old to work.

但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义: ⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时. eg:English is not too difficult to learn. 英语并不太难学.

He is too wise not to see that. 他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.

⑵当too后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时. eg:They are too anxious to leave. 他们急于离开.

He is too ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人.

与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义. eg:I\"m only too glad to see you . 见到你非常高兴.

They are but too pleased to hear the news. 他们听到这个消息,非常高兴. ⑶与cannot连用时.

eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework. 你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分). ⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时. eg:There are too many problems to be solved. 有很多问题有待解决.

【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】 ⑴\"every other+单数名词” 意思是“每隔一。。。”

如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树 ⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词” 意思是“每隔。。。”（较英语数词少一个）

如：every three days=every third day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天） 因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者译为每两天） ⑶“every few+复数名词” 意思是“每隔几。。。”

如：every few days（每隔几天）

【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】

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⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。 如：

Young children are usually lively. 小孩子们通常是活泼的。 He told a very lively story. 他讲了一个生动的故事。

⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。 如：

This is a live (=living) fish. (=This is a fish alive.) 这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用） Who\"s the greatest man alive(=living man)?

谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live） The fish is still alive(=living) 那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。

⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。 如：

The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living） 那位敌方军官被活捉了。

We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living） He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive） 他活象他父亲。

⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。 如：

The living are more important to us than the dead. 活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。

【语法难点精析之含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语】 in the course of 在...期间(作状语) at play 在玩 in red 穿着红衣服 at the play 在看戏 in the red 负债,赤字 behind time 迟到 of age 成年 behind the times 落在时代后 of an age (岁数)同年 by day 在白天 on fire 着火 by the day 按日计算 on the fire 在考虑中 by sea 乘船 on occasion 不时地;必要时 by the sea 在海边 on the occasion 在那时 in front of 在...(外面的)前面 out of question 毫无疑问 in the front of 在...(内部的前面) out of the question 不可能 in charge of 看护,负责 to death 十分 in the charge of 由...看护,由...负责 to the death 到最后 in secret 秘密地(作状语) five of us 我们中的五人(部分) in the secret 知道内情(作表语) the five of us 我们五个人(全部) in course of 在...过程中(作表语\\后置定语) a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫

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a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫 in joke = jokingly in a faimly way 象一家人一样 in line = lineally in the family way 怀孕 in mercy = mercifully die of cold 冻死 in public = publicly die of a cold 感冒而死 in silence =silently have words with 与...争吵 in spite =spitefully have a word with 与...略谈 in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully keep house 管理家务 in surprise =surprisedly keep the house 守在家里 with a smile =smilingly take rest 就寝 with satisfaction = satisfactorily take a reat 休息一下 with attention =attentively take place 发生 with care =carefully take the place of 代替 with courage =courageously 【语法难点精析之与-ly副词同义的介词短语】 with difficult =difficultly in angry= angrily with emphasis = emphatically in despair= desparingly with fascination =fascinatingly in admiration= admiringly with grace =gracefully in common = commonly with joy = joyfully in fact = acrually with pride =proudly in fear = fearfully with pleasure =pleasantly in fairness = fairly with warmth =warmly in fun = funnily out of breath =breathlesslyin grief = grievously

【语法难点精析之用to do还是of doing作后置定语】

不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:

⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语. 如:

Mary has the will to win the first prize. (不用of winning) 玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.

He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning) 他已作出了携家去国外的决定.

⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语. 如:

In fact, there is no hope of their winning the game.

事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win) He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child. 他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.

⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity, ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语. 如:

Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost. 他们失去了出国的机会.

He has the right to do (of doing) that.

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他有权那样做.

高中英语语法重难点解析（2）

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither．一次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 (3)分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：

interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的

disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的

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satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： (1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语

attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划

bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明

claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要

consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 vow起誓，许愿 contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求

assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求

authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告

compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求

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deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫

enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望 (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语

acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can’t help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨

finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险

involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想 例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生） 2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事(已做) 4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6) mean to do打算，有意要… mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） 8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） proposing doing建议（做某事）

9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念

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（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。 Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)

I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做) You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。 I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。 4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别 (1）不定式作定语

1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。

There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。

4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因

decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光 determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力， tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not ，a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。

7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。 (2)分词作定语

分词作定语时有下面几个特点：

1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。

2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。

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He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。 Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。 (3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系

一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如： Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ 高中英语语法重难点精析（4） 5．不定式和分词作状语的区别

（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别

1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随) They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)

2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。

Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)

Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)

Reading carefully，you\"ll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件) His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)

The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果) We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) 6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构 （1)疑问词+不定式结构

疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：

When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语) I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)

The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)

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I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语） （注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：

While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.

(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。 When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but get your shoes wet. (3)不带to的不定式

1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听

On seeing the young child fall into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。 (注)：

①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.

②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:

He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。 3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。

但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。 The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。 There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别的办法。 （4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词结构

1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。 (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。

2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词’s+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。 He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。

间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。

It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。 7．非谓语动词中的有关句型 （1）动名词作主语的句型

1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.

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It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。

3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。

It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。 4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)

There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。

5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。 7) spend/waste time doing sth.

They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。

8)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。 This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。 9）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）

I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser. (2)有关分词句型

1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如：

She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。 I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。

I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。

2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如：

I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。

If she catches me reading her diary，she\"ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。

3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。

I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。 I’ll go shopping．我去商店。

Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗? 4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…

I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。

His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。 或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。 He is busy with his work．他忙着工作。

5)What do you say to + ing分词?(……怎么样?)

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What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样? （3）有关动词不定式句型

下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。

can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do

When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. (4)there be的非谓语形式

there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。)

The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作宾语如1991年题30) 1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：

We don\"t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。

It isn\"t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely．(作状语)

2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)

There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)

3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。

It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。

There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。

4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如： This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．这是到南京的最快一班车。

I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。

目标测试

1.______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut． A．To make high scores B．Making high scores C．To make low goal D．Making low goal

2.I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given． A．no possibility B．there was impossibility C．impossible D．it impossible

3.The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams． A．is B．being C．have been D．to be

4.You’re going to England next year. You should now practise ______ English as much as possible. A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about

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5.If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train. A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss

6. The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. A．to bring B．brining C．is brought D．brings

7.Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____. A. to sit B．for to sit on C．to sit on D．for sitting

8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her? A．please B．pleased C．to please D．having pleased

9.Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but ______. A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk

10.The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president. A. to be set up B. being set up

C. to have been set up D. having been set up 11.I heard him __the door

A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking 12.He does nothing but___

A. complaining B.to complaining C. complain D. to complain

13.The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam. A. is B. being C have been D. to be

14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight yesterday. A. to be robbed B. robbed

C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed

15.I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having been C. to have been given D. to have given 16.There is no point ___further.

A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing

17.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.

A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined 18.They stopped ___, but now I’m getting interested.

A.listening B.to listen C. listen D. having listening 19.I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___

A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D.cheat

20.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members. A. being considered B. considering.

C. to be considered D. having considered

21.___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South. A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed 22.___exceptions, the rule may stand.

A. Allow for B. Allowing for C. To allow D. To allow for

23.All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled

24.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___ A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded

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25.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing world.

A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken

26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus. A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught 27.I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____. A. to cut it with B. to cut with it C. with it to cut D. it to cut with

28.The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.

A. to provide B. providing C having providing D provide 29.His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expected. A. convincing B. convinced C.to convince D.being convincing 30.I recommend you ___ what he says. A.do B. doing C.to do D. to doing 31.How about ____ there?

A. to go B. go C. going D.to going 32.He is an ___teacher.

A. advancing B.advanced C being advancing D advance

33.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century. A.was B. being C.is D. having been 34.I have no idea of ___it.

A. to do B. how to do C. what to do D. to doing

35.On seeing the young child ___into the lake, John sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue. A. fell B. fall C. falling D to fall

36 We don’t want ____any comrades lagging behind.

A. there being B.there to being C.there to be D.there is

37.I must make full use of the time ___left to me and do as much as I can for the people. A. there being B. there is C. there are D. there to be

38.It is not uncommon for ____problems of communication between old and young. A. there to be B. there being C there to being D. there be 39.Revolution means ___ the productive forces. A. to liberate. B. to have liberated C. liberating D. having being liberated

40．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ____one major point in contrast with the other.

A. make B. made C. is to make D. making 标准答案：

1-5 ADDCD 6-10 ACCAC 11-15 CCDCA 16-20 CDBBA 21-25 DBDDA 26-30 BAAAC 31-35 CBBBB 36-40 CBACD

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