2020高考英语“七选五”阅读理解专项突破
英语高考“七选五”阅读理解真题详解4
2016全国卷I
【高考真题解题例析】
为了让大家能把上面所提到的解题原则、方法和步骤能运用到具体的解题实践之中，下面以2016年英语高考全国卷I中的“七选五”阅读理解试题的解答为例来说明如何解题。
项目 卷别 语篇 类型 阅读 总量 段落数与文本结构 5 说明文 197+101=298 有变式的总分结构 无 无 2 3 小标标题 题 选项设置 小标细节、题或过渡衔主旨接与注句 释句 主题语境 介绍密码的使用情2016全国卷I 况及三种类型的密码编码与解码 (How to)
【高考真题】
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels”. Spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
38 You might represent each letter with a number, for example, let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40
However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
【语篇解读】
(Secret codes cryptography) Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially 起 when information is sent by computer. 主题 主题 密码作用 People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 转 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels”. Spell out the There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, 主旨举例 句+ 类别 hidden message “Meet me.” 1 38 You might represent each letter with a number, for 归纳 example, let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 类别总结 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” 2 would read “13 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 类 别举例 难点 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand 3 for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 难点 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So 转折 codes must be changed frequently.
【解题图解】
(Secret codes cryptography) Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially 起 when information is sent by computer. Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, 主旨the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels”. Spell out the 句+hidden message “Meet me.” 类别E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word 1 举例 spell it out. 37 G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. 38 38 You might represent each letter with a number, for 类别归纳 2 example, let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 总结 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To 类别举例 read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 3 难点 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand 难点 for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 转折 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So 转 主题 主题 密码作用 People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 codes must be changed frequently. A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. (强干扰)
F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. 40 B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. 39
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. 【答案解析】
第一步，快速浏览全文，明确文章的主题和基本框架结构。通过快速阅读可知本文的主题是密码学，文章总体说明部分为第一、二段，第一段从密码的应用引入话题，第二段从编码和解码再到密码学的概念切入到文章的主题——密码学，由第三段的首句“There are three main types of cryptography”和三至五段中三次出现的“For example”可以断定本文要通过三至五段三个平行结构的段落以举例说明的方式介绍三种类型的密码编码与解码，并且能从设定的位置可断定第37空和38空应填入主旨概括类的选项。
第二步，浏览文章后所给的选项，根据所保留的平行段落首句尝试确定主旨类选项。由第三段中的首句“A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences.”中的“use symbols”和“replace”便可以断定38空应填入G选项，因为选项中的关键信息词“use symbols”与“stand for”与第三段中的首句中的“use symbols”和“replace”相对应，两个句子都提到用符号来代替字母、单词、短语或句子，两个句子中出现的“letter, words, phrases, or sentences”属于同一范畴的词汇，并且G选项中的“another way”还提供了说明的顺序，另外，段落中的“represent”与选项中的“stand for”为同义短语，G选项后一句对其进行同释，选项中的词汇“message，symbols，letters of the alphabet.”也在第四段中得到重现，从而可以肯定地断定38空应填入G选项。确定了第38空的答案后，可根据第四、五段的首句共同来推断37空应填入的选项，由于第四、五段的首句都说明了用符号来隐藏或代替字母、单词、短语或句子信息，从而可以推断出第37
空也应该用来说明用什么来隐藏或代替信息，再观察E选项，可以看到与G选项有共同的信息词“hide a message”，G选项用动词“use”说明用“symbols”来隐藏信息，而E选项用介词“by” 指明用“having the first letters of each word spell it out”来隐藏信息，这两个选项在用词和语意上有高度的相关性，另外， 37空后面也有“the first letters”和“spell out”原词重现，从而可以肯定地断定37空应填入E选项。
第三步，逐段阅读，勾画出文章和选项中起到纽带和关联作用的关键信息词，依据设空的位置不同，利用文章框架结构、段落结构、上下文逻辑关系、句式结构、词汇衔接等来断定每空应填入的细节性过渡衔接与注释选项。36空前面的“People have used secret codes for thousands of years”与D选项中的“As long as there have been codes”相对应，后一句中的“breaking”与选项中的“break”属于同词重现，D选项在这里起到过渡衔接的作用。39空前一句提到要解码必须有密码册（code book），A选项和F选项中都提到密码册，这时需要看39空后面的举例，由举例可以推断出：有了密码册，你就可以写出代表其它单词的词语，选项中的信息 “words that would stand for other words”在后面的举例中得到重现，从而可以断定39空应填入F选项。由40空后However所接的转折句“it is also hard…”可知，此处强调密码册的重要性——没有密码册是很难破解密码的，这样才能与下句构成转折关系，选项中的“it is very hard to…”与下一句中的“it is also hard to…”句式结构相同，下句中的“also hard”使前后两个句子密切关联起来，从而可以断定40空应填入A选项。从上面的分析可以看出，A选项和F选项形成了相互干扰，做题时一定要从细微之处入手，才能做出正确的选择，做本题时最好先确定40空填入A选项，再确定39空填入F选项。另外，再看一下如何排除干扰选项，所提供的干扰选项B说的是“在任何语言中，一些字母比另一些字母的使用频率要高”，在意思上与本文无关，C选项中的关键信息词“keyword”在文章中没有被提及，从而可以排除。
第四步，将已确定的答案代入原文通读，检查篇章结构是否合理，段落中句子间的语意和逻辑是否通顺连贯。
