2015年第9期 英语教师 初中英语阅读理解五大有效解题策略浅析 鞠毅 【摘要】本文就英语学习中阅读理解题对中学生兴趣和自信心的重要影响和作用联想到学生解题 技巧差、失分严重这一现状,提出了达到任务型教学对读的五级要求所必须具备的“跳读 (Skimming)、扫读(Scanning) ̄读(Careful reading)”等阅读方式和“审视标题,猜测大 意;初读全文,把握整体;推理判断;猜测词义;细读题目,抓住问点”五大阅读技巧。 【关键词】任务型教学;阅读理解;解题策略 引言 一、要求和规定: 大多数初中一线教师都有同感:学生在初中 一能读懂供7~9年级学生阅读的简单读物和 年级开始时对英语比较感兴趣,可一到初一下 报刊,克服生词障碍,能根据上下文和构词法推 学期或初二上学期就出现了两极分化。大家认为 断,理解生词的含义;能理解段落中各句子之间的 这种分化不是因为学生的智力差异,不是因为教 逻辑关系;能找出文章的主题,理解故事的情节, 师教得不好,也不是教材的原因,而是学生兴趣和 预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;理解文章大 自信心的原因——学生在学习中遇到了挫折,兴 意;能读懂常见题材的阅读材料;就日常生活的各 趣淡化,自信丧失,对进一步学习产生了畏惧感。 种话题与他人交换信息并陈述意见;能根据不同 随手翻翻无论是学业检测题还是中考试卷,显然 的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;能利 阅读理解这一题型占比重最大,失分是最严重的, 用字典等工具书进行学习;除教材外课外阅读量 这就是导致学生失去兴趣和自信的最强大的“拦 达到15万词以上。路虎”(包天仁2012)。教师必须多给这些无助的 那么如何围绕这些目标对学生进行阅读理解 孩子支招——告诉他们更多的关于解这种题的窍 方法的有效指导呢? 门(skills)。 初中学生毕业时的阅读量达l5万词以上!阅 读的内容可能会包罗万象,但大致可分为以下类 二、阅读理解是一种综合能力 型:信息传递型,逻辑推理型,观点阐述型(罗先达、 新课程标准明确规定:现代教学的目的不是教 尹世寅、周蓉2003),还有的三者兼有。根据阅读材 学生简单的传承和传授,而是让学生学会学习,学 料类型的不同,所运用的阅读方式和解题技巧各有 会探究,学会创造;更多地着眼于学生未来的可持 侧重。 续发展,即由重知识转向重技能;由学得转向习得; 例A(2010莱芜市中考题) 由知识的记忆转向语言的综合运用。重新定位英语 教学的首要任务是“激发学习兴趣,培养学生自信” (教育部更高。 新课标对“阅读”技能的五级目标做了这样的 66・ENGLISH TEACHERS 2005),这就要求我们的教学操作可行性 We pick up your children at school,and give them a safe place to play,do homework,and learn a er schoo1. English Teachers VO1.15 No.9 Experienced Teacher/Lunch&Snack/Toys 题的答案。与之相比,第4题要理解except词义后 &Books. Aged 6 to 12. Our Programs: ,l:Languages:lc Math¥Computer Music Open 11:00a.m.to 7:00 p.m.,Mon.to Fri. 26 Market Road,Star City TEL:8765—432l 1.Ⅵ at can’t children learn in Litle Rabbit? A.Art B.Music C.Computer D.Languages 2.Mr.Green can send her daughter Lucy to Little Rabbit except A.6:00p.m.on Fnday B.7:00 a.m.on Wednesday C.11:00 a.m.onTuesday D.12:00 a.m.on Monday 3.Little Rabbit will be open for 1n a week? A.4 hours B.8 hours C.20hours D.40hours 4.Who can have fun and learn in Little Rabbit? A.Mike,a school boy of 13. B.Mary,an eight・year—old girl C.Cathy,an experienced teacher D.Linda,a housewife without work 5.(略) 例A是信息传递型的,本质是对了解后的语 言进行转述,把语言转换成图表形式,或把图表转 换成语言表述。在这篇文章中我们审视标题可以 大概地猜测到文意是有关娱乐和学习的,跳读 (Skimming)和扫读(Scanning)就不难发现Our Programs一项,轻松选出第1题答案为A,当然前 提是我们要注意到can’t,这儿其实是个小小的细 读(Careful reading)。然后我们继续扫读,经过推理 (Inferring)计算(Calculating)不难得出第2题、第3 细读才能成功选出答案。 显而易见,在这种信息型的阅读理解中,我们 常会采用扫读、跳读,在遇到有关数字的题目时我 们才细读,发现关键词。 例B(2010烟台中考) Mr.Green once worked in a big company.He was quite busy so that he couldn’t do any reading.So he gave up his job and opened a bookshop in the center of the town.It wasn’t big but all the book were nice and most people liked to buy some there.When the shop was closed,he could read at home.He knew a lot and many learned people were glad to make fhends with him. It was Sunday and it was cold outside.Mr.Green was very busy.At nine in the evening all the buyers left but a woman was still there.She was dressed up nad seemedtobewaitingfor somebodythere.Standing by hte shelves,she looked over the books one after another,and made htem in a terrible mess.Mr.Green cameuptoher and asked,“ExcusemeMadam,what can I do for you?” “Your books are not interesting at all,’’said the woman.“1 want a delicious one.” “That’s easy.”Mr.Green smiled.He brought out a cookbook and said,“Here you are,madam.’’ 1.Why did Mr.Green changed hisjob? A.He dind’t like reading. B.He was too busy to read books. C.He liked the life in center ofthe town. D.He wanted to write a cookbook himself. 2.Most people liked to buy books in the shop because . A.the bookshop was in the center ofthe town B.all the books were all good ofr people C.itwasverylarge ENGLISH TEACHERS・67 2015年第9期 英语教师 D.the books there were aU good for people 3,From the story we know that“learned people’’ care of her pet,while she is at schoo1. Wang Zhao Tong,丘0m Anhui,has been raising meanS . A.peoplewho arefree B.people who are studying hard C.people who have much knowledge . D.people who have much money 4.What’S the most suitable ending ofthe story? 5…. 阅读这些问题的题干我们会发现,问题大多包 括why,because,reason,infer等,这篇文章属于逻 辑推理型,这样的文章我们往往不能直接从字面获 取所需信息。这就需要我们透过字里行间捕捉隐含 信息,综合全部事实加以分析,推理判断作者的真 实意图。这更需要考生细心阅读,反复推敲。这类文 章细读点更多,读到与问题相关处最好做出标记, 以供细细体味检查。 例C(2010日照市中考) Raising pets is a popular online game teenagers. “Morethan20ofmy classmateshave adopted(领养) pets online,while last year the number wasjust 10,’’ said Wang Hui,a middle school student from Bering, who also raises pets online. If you go to some website,you can adopt virtual(虚拟)pets like penguins,chickens,dogs and elephants.You can feed,wash,talk to and play with yourpet. Dai Ying of Shanghai raises pets in KaixinO0 1. COrn.The 15-year—old said it is great fun.She thinks that she has also learned how to take care of others. Ifonedoesn’tfeedandcareforthepet,itbecomes unhappy and unhealthy.So raising an online pet means spending a lot of time online. This makes many parents worried.They fear therewillbebadinfluenceinthe children’S studies. Dai said that she usually asks her uncle to take 68・ENGLISH TEACHERS a penguin on QQ.tom since last year.The 14-year—old takes good of the penguin. She said her parents knew about the penguin and thought it was OK. If the students can keep the balance between studying and playing,it’S not bad for them to‘‘raise’’ pets online. 1.(略) 2.What does Dai Ying think of raising pets online?(选项略) 3.Which ofthefollowingisNOTTRUE according to the passage?(选项略) 4.What does the passage mainly talk about?(选 项略) 5.(略) 这篇文章谈的是对青少年网上领养宠物的 看法,所以问题大多跟“观点”和“看法”有关。这 是一篇观点阐述型的材料,读者要初读全文把 握整体。解答这样的题目往往要举出文中实例 来论证,要学会根据作者的文章走势推测结局, 不能主观臆断,要弄清题目问的是谁的观点,然 后作答。 例D(2010菏泽升学题) A mall was walking along the s ̄eet when he saw a woman carrying a large box.It was halfin and out ofher car.So the man went up and said,“The boxlooksveryheavy.Letmegiveyou ahand.’’ “That’s very kind of you,”the woman said,“I am having a lot oftrouble with it.Maybe it sticks(卡 住)inthe cardoor.” “Together we’11 soon move it.”the man said. “I’11getinandtakeotherhand."Andhegotinthecar. “Right。”the mail said."I’m ready,”and he began to push the box hard. English Teachers VO1.15 No.9 For several minutes,the man and the woman tried to move the box.Soon they felt very tired. They rested for a moments.Then the woman said。“Let’S try again.One,two,three!’’they went on moving the box. 方式,会收获两种什么样的劳动果实呢? 四、平凡的答案。不平凡的收获 结果第二阶段成绩出来后我发现:学生的阅 读理解平均得分普遍提高,总分提高也很显著。 At last,when they were exhausted,the man 我又了解了几个原来一学习英语就头疼的同学, 结果出乎意料的是他们竟然说第二套题简单,其 said,“I’m sorry,but I don’t hitnk there is any way to get in out ofyour car.’’ “Get it out?”the woman cried.“I’m trying to getitin!Youknow?” 1.2.4.5.(略) 3.The underlined word exhausted means——————————— in Chinese. A.精疲力竭的 B.激动的 C.充满希望的 D.沮丧的 在叙事型的阅读中我们对本身不影响理解 的词可以忽略,在该篇中我们不可避免地要猜测 exhausted的意思。根据语境的变化,抓住叙述的脉 络:Soon they felt very tired.Let’S try again,One, wto,three!At last…I an'l sorry等可以判断他们用 尽了所有的力气,答案选A。这种题考查的多为名 词、动词或词组。第一可以根据词的构成,看是否与 学过的词有关,是否由学过的词派生而来;第二就 是根据上下文来猜测词义,充分利用词的语境综合 考虑,确定生词的意义。 三、内容教学与策略教学的比对 在阅读教学工作中,我利用了两个月的时间 采用不同的方法对比实验:第一阶段是阅读练习的 时候,重视阅读材料的意义,讲解时逐字逐句,不放 过任何细小琐碎的知识点和语法,不惜花大气力讲 解练习。第二阶段是注重阅读方式和解题方法的指 导,抓住作者的考查意图和解题思路,理解意义时 该忽略的忽略,该简化的简化,着重方法、策略、能 力、观念的改变,让学生活学活用。两种同样的考试 题型,两种不同的新旧教学理念,两种不同的教学 实我出第二阶段的题时有意地找了几篇难理解的 话题,他们要完全详细地理解翻译是很困难的。 当我问一个同学“其实我觉得后来这组题难,你怎 么会觉得它简单呢”时,他是这样笑着回答的: “以前不知道怎样做,现在知道怎样做了,就觉得 简单。”答案很平凡,笑得很轻松、很开心,他收获 了很多。 结束语 “工欲善其事,必先利其器。”只要方法正确,问 题就会迎刃而解。在学法指导上教师帮助和指导学 生系统地掌握“泛读、快读、略读、细读”等多种方 式,以及“审视标题,猜测大意;初读全文,把握整 体;推理判断;猜测词义;细读题目,抓住问点”(罗 先达、尹世寅、周蓉2003)五大阅读技巧,这样才能 开卷有益,让学生在学习英语的过程中获得成就 感,并使这种积极情绪真正迁移到今后的学习中, 真正体验学习的乐趣,向英语的珠峰进军。 引用文献 包天仁.2012.英语阅读理解障碍成因分析及对策[c】. 基础英语教改论坛. 教育部.2005.英语课程标准(实验)[S].北京:北京师 范大学出版社. 罗先达,尹世寅,周蓉.2003.课程目标与课程内容、 课程的教学设计[M].英语教学实施指南,(46). 作者信息:252000,山东聊城,高唐县时风中学 1 3562054295@1 63.tom ENGLISH TEACHERS・69