2019届高考英语阅读理解精选细做：历史文化类

历史文化类

1、 Human beings have used tools for a very long time. In some parts of the world you can still find tools that people used more than two million years ago. They made these tools by hitting one stone against another. In this way, they broke off pieces from one of the stones. These chips of stone were usually sharp on one side. People used them for cutting meat and skin from dead animals, and also for making other tools out of wood. Human beings needed to use tools because they did not have sharp teeth like other meat eating animals, such as lions and tigers. Tools helped people to get food more easily.

Working with tools also helped to develop human intelligence. The human brain grew bigger, and human beings began to invent more and more tools and machines. The stone chip was one of the first tools that people used, and perhaps it is the most important. Some scientists say that it was the key to success of mankind.

Since 1960 a new kind of tool has appeared. This is the silicon chip -- a little chip of silicon crystal. It is smaller than a finger nail, but it can store more than a million \"bits\" of information. It is an electronic brain. Every year these chips get cleverer, but their size gets smaller, and their cost gets less. They are used in watches, calculators and intelligent machines that we can use in many ways. In the future we will not need to work with tools in the old way. Machines will do everything for us. They will even talk and play games with us. People will have plenty of spare time. But what will they do with it?

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Human beings used stone chips for more than two million years, but human life changed very little in that time. We have used silicon chips for only a few years, but life is changing faster every day. What will life be like twenty years from now? What will the world be like two million years from now?

1.From paragraph 1, we can know ________.

A.why early human beings cut skin from dead animals

B.how early human beings discovered the tools

C.what early human beings used the tools for

D.what food early human beings stored

2.The stone chip is thought to be the most important tool because it ________.

A.was very important to the development of mankind

B.led to the invention of machines in the early time

C.developed cooking abilities of mankind

D.was one of the first tools of mankind

3.Which of the following is not true about the silicon chip

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A.It has appeared since 1960.

B.It is an electronic brain and can store a lot of information.

C.It is a chip of silicon crystal and is very small.

D.It becomes cleverer and more expensive every year.

2、 Don't leave London without taking this best-selling tour to Windsor Castle, Stonehenge and Bath, England's most beautiful Georgian city. Your day trip includes entrance to Windsor Castle, Stonehenge and Bath's Roman Baths and Pump Rooms.

Windsor Castle

Your tour starts at the home of the Royal Family for 900 years, and the world's largest and oldest occupied castle. Windsor Castle's defence walls dominate the delightful town that has grown up around it over the years. You will see the decorated State Apartments and St. George’s Chapel. You will also witness the Changing of the Guard in all its colorful display and glory. (On 19 March, 7 April and 13-16 June the State Apartments will be closed ; on these dates you will visit Queen Mary’s Dolls House.)

Stonehenge

Going even further back in time, you'll travel through the rolling green

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Wiltshire landscape to Stonehenge, a collection of stones dragged to this lonely plain near Salisbury 5,000 years ago. Who built it? Why? These questions have returned repeatedly to the minds of centuries of scholars. Set in a landscape dotted with prehistoric small hills and carvings, Stonehenge continues to attract the imagination and arouse the heart of every visitor.

Bath

Next, it's on to Bath, famous for its elegant Georgian architecture. During your scenic tour of Bath you will be delighted by the town's beautiful streetscapes. You’ll see Bath Abbey and the much-photographed Pulteney Bridge, modeled on the Ponte Vecchio in Florence. During the tour you will also visit the Roman Baths, the best preserved Roman spa (温泉浴场) from the ancient world.

Special Offer—Price displayed currently includes a discount of 12% off the regular adult retail price—BOOK NOW!

1.From Windsor Castle, we can know that __________.

A.it is the biggest and oldest castle in the world

B.the Changing of the Guard will be open (March-June)

C.Queen Mary's Dolls House will be closed (March-June)

D.the Royal Family will go on a tour with the visitors

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2.Which place of interest attracts visitors’ imagination?

A.Windsor Castle.

B.Stonehenge.

C.Roman Baths.

D.Pump Rooms.

3.What will you see when you visit Bath?

A.A collection of stones.

B.Queen Mary's Dolls House.

C.Some ancient buildings.

D.The rolling green Wiltshire landscape.

3、 Stonehenge, the world-famous circle of stone columns may 12. have had a brother. A much bigger, older brother.

University of Bradford researchers announced they had discovered about 100 stones covering several acres thought to have been built around 4,500 years ago. The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project discovered the monument, which is

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near Durrington Walls, also known as “ superhenge”. Stonehenge, which is believed to have been completed 3,500 years ago, is about 2 miles away. \"What we are starting to see is the largest surviving stone monument, preserved underneath a bank, that has ever been discovered in Britain and possibly in Europe,” said Vince Gaffney.

The evidence was found under 3 feet of earth. Some of the stones are thought to have stood 15 feet tall before they were toppled. \"Our radar data have shown an amazing row of up to 90 standing stones, a number of which have survived after being pushed over, and a large bank placed over the stones,\" said professor Wolfgang Neubauer, director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology.

“ In the east,up to 30 stones ... have survived below,” he said. “The extraordinary scale and details of the evidence produced by the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project, which the new discoveries at Durrington Walls, is changing fundamentally(根本上) our understanding of Stonehenge and the world around it,\" Neubauer added.

\"Everything written before about the Stonehenge landscape and the ancient monuments within it will need to be rewritten,” said Paul Garwood, a scientist and lead historian on the project at the University of Birmingham. The findings were announced on the first day of the British Science Festival being held at the University of Bradford.

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1.It is believed that the superhenge is _________ earlier than the Stonehenge.

A.1,000 years

B.2,500 years

C.3,500 years

D.4,500 years

2.What do researchers think of the superhenge?

A.It is the biggest monument discovered in the world.

B.It was built much later than the Stonehenge.

C.It is the largest surviving stone monument found in England.

D.It is better protected than the Stonehenge.

3.What do the underlined word “toppled” most probably mean?

A.Set up.

B.Pushed down.

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C.Moved away.

D.Brought up.

4.What is the best title of the passage?

A.The southern England has many historic sites

B.The British Science Festival will be held again

C.Bigger Brother to Stonehenge has been discovered

D.The Project at the University of Birmingham

4、 Many places around the world host marathons that aim to provide their runners with a special experience. If you’re planning to run a race, here are some beautiful marathon destinations.

Inca Trail Marathon

Are you up for a challenge? Hosted at Cusco, Peru, the Inca Trail Marathon is regarded as one of the most difficult marathons in the world. With Cusco's rich history of being once the capital of the Inca Empire, participants can explore several ancient archeological sites. During the run, participants will get to see the surprising landscape of the \"Lost City of the Incas\Valley.

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Athens Marathon

Held in Greece, the Athens Marathon is perfect for those of you who are interested in history,mythology (神话),and architecture. There are many tourist spots and historic sites to visit like the Parthenon and the Acropolis of Athens. During the race, audience will be cheering on the participants creating an atmosphere similar to the Olympics.

Big Sur International Marathon

Held at Carmel, California, the Big Sur International Marathon is known as the world's largest rural marathon. Before the race, participants generally visit the world-famous Monterey Bay Aquarium(水族馆),which owns rich animals. The Julia Pfeiffer Bums State Park is another attraction stretching from 3,000-foot mountain ridges (山脉)to underwater canyons and rocky seaside cliffs.

Big Five Marathon

Located at Limpopo, South Africa, participants can explore and check out the wildlife of the African savannah. The marathon is held in one of the “Big Five” game reserves in Africa. There are no fences or rivers that separate the runners from the African wildlife. Make sure to keep your mind clear. You might find an elephant or even find yourself running alongside giraffes.

1.At Inca Trail Marathon, participants ________.

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A.make the best performance

B.enjoy ancient architecture

C.learn about the Inca Empire

D.ran through the Sacred Valley

2.What do participants often do before Big Sur International Marathon starts?

A.They go up 3,000-foot mountain ridges.

B.They see all kinds of sea creatures.

C.They visit underwater canyons.

D.They climb rocky seaside cliffs.

3.For those interested in ancient buildings, which of the following is their best choice?

A.Inca Trail Marathon.

B.Athens Marathon.

C.Big Sur International Marathon.

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D.Big Five Marathon.

5、 The first drawings on walls appeared in caves thousands of years ago. Later the Ancient Romans and Greeks wrote their names and protest () poems on buildings. Modern graffiti (涂鸦艺术) seems to have appeared in Philadelphia in the early 1960s, and by the late sixties it had reached New York. The new art form really took off in the 1970s, when people began writing their names, or “tags”, on buildings all over the city. In the mid-seventies it was sometimes hard to see out of a subway car window, because the trains were completely covered in spray (喷射) paintings known as masterpieces.

In the early days, the “taggers” were part of street crowds who were concerned with marking their territory (领地). They worked in groups called “crews” and called what they did “writing”—the term “graffiti” was first used by The New York Times and the novelist Norman Mailer. Art galleries in New York began buying graffiti in the early seventies. But at the same time when it began to be regarded as an art form, John Lindsay, the then mayor of New York, declared the first war on graffiti. By the 1980s it became much harder to write on subway trains without being caught, and instead many of the more established graffiti artists began using roofs of buildings.

The debate over whether graffiti is art or deliberate damage is still going on. Peter Vallone, a New York city councilor (顾问), thinks that graffiti done with permission can be art, but if it is on someone else’s property it becomes a crime. “I have a message for the graffiti destroyers out there,” he said recently, “and

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your freedom of expression ends where my property begins.” On the other hand, Felix, a member of the Berlin-based group Reclaim Your City, says that artists are reclaiming (开拓,改造) cities for the public from advertisers, and that graffiti represents freedom and makes cities livelier.

For decades graffiti has been a springboard (跳板) to international fame for a few. Jean-Michel Basquiat began spraying on the street in the 1970s before becoming a respected artist in the 80s. The Frenchman Blek le Rat and the British artist Banksy have achieved international fame by producing complex works with stencils (模板), often making political or humorous points. Works by Banksy have been sold for over £ 100,000. Graffiti is now sometimes big business.

1.Why was the seventies an important decade in the history of graffiti?

A.That was when modern graffiti first appeared.

B.That was when modern graffiti first became really popular.

C.That was when graffiti first reached New York.

D.That was when graffiti first appeared on subway car windows.

2.What does the underlined word “taggers” in the second paragraph mean?

A.Names of people who draw graffiti.

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B.Building where paints were sprayed.

C.People who marked surface with graffiti.

D.People who were interested in graffiti.

3.The Berlin-based group Reclaim Your City holds the view that_____.

A.involving young people in graffiti stops them being involved with serious crime.

B.graffiti helps the public to own the streets and take control away from advertisers.

C.graffiti actually increases the value of property by making the area more attractive.

D.graffiti can free artist from being caught by the police.

4.What is the author’s final opinion about graffiti?

A.Graffiti has now become mainstream and can benefit artists.

B.Graffiti is not a good way to become a respected artist.

C.Some popular graffiti artists end up being ignored by the art world.

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D.Some graffiti caused inconvenience to the local environment.

6、 Punks, Ravers, Mods and Teddy Boys. No, these aren’t some hot new bands, but the names of a number of British youth subcultures from the last 70 years.

Youth Club, a UK not-for-profit organization, released a book earlier this year celebrating many different subcultures from throughout Britain’s recent history.

“A catalyst (催化剂) for creativity on the worldwide stage, British youth culture movements from the Teddy Boys of the 1950s to the Grime Scene of the 2000s continue to play a pioneering role in music, fashion and creativity across the globe,” it wrote on its website.

These subcultures were traditionally a way for young people to show their personalities to others. Walking around London in the 1970s would have meant seeing dozens of young “punks” – people dressed in ripped denim (破洞牛仔裤), leather jackets, body piercings (穿孔) and with brightly-dyed hair – on the streets. And in the 90s, “ravers” were young people who threw all-night parties in abandoned buildings or car parks.

So, what was the reason behind these subcultures?

“On both sides of the Atlantic, more and more young disappointed teenagers were looking for an escape from the boredom and restrictions of society,” wrote

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Ian Youngs, BBC entertainment reporter. “Unemployment, racial tensions and social changes added fuel to their fires.”

Youth subcultures have all but disappeared in the West. Some experts believe the reason for this is the instant and low-priced availability of music and clothing in the internet age.

“Fashion and music, they’re much cheaper and they’re much faster today,” Ruth Adams, a culture lecturer at King’s College London told The Guardian.

“When I was a teenager, you had to stick to one type of music or fashion, because it cost more money. Now, it’s all a bit more misty,” she said, believing that it’s harder to figure out someone’s personality or music tastes nowadays just by looking at them.

Despite this, Adams believes that today’s young people are still finding their own way to express themselves, but in a more modern way.

“It’s certainly happening online,” she said. “It’s a lot easier to use personas (伪装) online just by showcasing certain types of mysterious knowledge.”

1.According to the text, British youth subcultures ______.

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A.could be traced back to the 1970s

B.were started by Youth Club to promote creativity

C.were a way for youth to express their identities

D.had a greater impact on fashion than music

2.What contributed to the popularity of these youth subcultures?

a. Young people’s desire for freedom and fun.

b. Young people’s longing for fame and wealth.

c. The social pressure young people suffered.

d. The easy access to music and clothing.

A.a, b

B.a, c

C.b, d

D.c, d

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3.Which of the following would Ruth Adams probably agree with?

A.Music and fashion trends develop too fast for young people to follow today.

B.Young people today are less willing to express themselves as her peers did.

C.Young people today are less interested in music and fashion than her peers used to be.

D.The internet makes it harder to figure out the personalities of young people today.

4.What’s the author’s attitude toward subcultures?

A.Objective

B.Negative.

C.Doubtful.

D.Supportive.

7、 In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地) of the French Republic since

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1946. In theory, they should live by the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world.

The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman form Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.

“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,” says Gin. “I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”

“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,” continues Gin. “I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”

His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.

1.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French

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Guiana?

A.They seldom follow the French law.

B.They often ignore the Guianese law.

C.They are separated from the modern world.

D.They are both Guianese and French citizens.

2.Gin introduced the special world of the indigenous Guianese as _________.

A.a tour guide

B.a geographer

C.a film director

D.a photographer

3.What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?

A.Cautious.

B.Doubtful.

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C.Uninterested.

D.Appreciative.

4.What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?

A.The modern French lifestyle.

B.The self-supporting hunting.

C.The uncivilized hunting.

D.The French Republic.

8、 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times therehas been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated byhunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when theworld had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.

Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, andtheir languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsoryeducation,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, allhave caused many languages

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todisappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages ishugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, oftenspoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europehas only around 200 languages; the Americas about1,000; Africa 2 400; and Asia andthe Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. Themedian number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’slanguages are spoken by fewer people than that.

Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

1.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?

A.They developed very fast.

B.They were large in number.

C.They had similar patterns.

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D.They were closely connected.

2.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?

A.Complex.

B.Advanced.

C.Powerful.

D.Modern.

3.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?

A.About 6,800

B.About 3,400

C.About 2,400

D.About 1,200

4.What is the main idea of the text?

A.New languages will be created.

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B.People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.

C.Human development results in fewer languages.

D.Geography determines language evolution.

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答案以及解析

1答案及解析：

答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.D

2答案及解析：

答案：1.A; 2.B; 3.C

解析：1.细节理解题。根据Windsor Castle部分的首句“Your tour starts at the home of the Royal Family for 900 years, and the world’s largest and oldest occupied castle.” 可知,答案为A项。根据段尾括号中的内容可知B、C两项错误, D项在文中没有依据。

2.细节理解题.根据Stonehenge部分的最后一句\" Stonehenge continues to attract the imagination and arouse the heart of every visitor. ” 可知,答案为B项。

3.细节理解题。根据Bath部分中的第一句“Next, it’s on to Bath, famous for its elegant Georgian architecture. \"可知,在这里可以看到英国乔治王朝时代的建筑,所以选C项.

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3答案及解析：

答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.B; 4.C

解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“...thought to have been built around 4,500 years ago. ” 和第二段第三句中的which is believed to have been completed 3,500 years ago”可知,超级巨石阵比巨石阵早了1000年。

2.细节理解题.根据第二段中的“... is the largest surviving stone monument... that has ever been discovered in Britain and possibly in Europe” 可知,C项与题意相符。

3.词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的“Some of the stones are thought to have stood 15 feet tall before they were...\" 中的to have stood可推断,该词应该是“倒塌;使倒塌” 的意思,所以选B项。

4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“...may have had a brother. A much bigger, older brother. ”可知,文章主要讲述的是巨石阵还有一个“大哥哥”的事情,故选C项。

4答案及解析：

答案：1.C; 2.B; 3.B

解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句“With Cusco’s rich history of being once the capital of the Inca Empire, participants can explore several ancient

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archeological sites. ”可知,参加印加小道马拉松,参赛者可以探索几个考古遗址,了解印加帝国的历史。

2.细节理解题。根据第四段的第二句“Before the race, participants generally visit the world-famous Monterey Bay Aquarium, which owns rich animals. ”可知,比赛前选手通常会参观世界级海洋馆。

3.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知,在雅典马拉松中,选手可以了解到历史、神话以及建筑风格。

5答案及解析：

答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.B; 4.A

6答案及解析：

答案：1.C; 2.B; 3.D; 4.A

解析：

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7答案及解析：

答案：1.A; 2.D; 3.D; 4.A

解析：1.本文通过一个摄影记者向人们展示了法国的Guianese人,和现代法国的生活风格给他们带来的影响。

推理判断题。根据第一段第二句Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.令人吃惊的是,这些人主要靠自己的法律和他们的社会风俗生活。可知A项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life”我想展示给观众一个摄影记录,让他们触摸到不文明的生活。第五段第一句His black-and=white pictures present a world almost lost in time. 他的黑白照片呈现了一个几乎失去的世界。可知他是一个摄影师,故选D。

3.推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,”我对法国Guianese人有一个特殊的爱。我在那里工作了将近十年了。所以他对法国Guianese人是心存感激的,故选D。

4.词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句中the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic,被法兰西共和国提供的生活风格,可知后面的定语从句中it指现代法国的生活风格。故选A。

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8答案及解析：

答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.B; 4.C

解析：

本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。

1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other... when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知,当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候,小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时,语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知,当时的语言种类很多。故选B。

2. 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知,英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为:强有力的语言。故选C。

3. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 可

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知,目前世界上大约有6800种语言,但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。

4. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知,语言的产生和消失进行了几千年,但最近时代语言产生的少,消失的太多。故选C。

点睛:长难句解读

In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

分析:and连接两个并列句,前面的介词短语in. . .作时间状语,all和前面的名词短语是同位语。

句意:在最近的几个世纪,贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的蔓延,尤其是过去几十年来,全球化和更好的交流,这些都是导致许多语言消失的原因。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些强大的语言正在不断地占据统治地位。

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