39 nothing to worry about1

单词： 1 rough adj. 崎岖不平的，粗略的

e.g. rough roads/cloth/hands/skin/edges(参差不齐的边、美中不足之处)rough sea波涛汹涌的大海

rough sketch/calculation/translation/guess粗略的图，草略计算，大致翻译 粗暴、粗野的： tough：physically strong/likely to be violent e.g. he is a tough guy.

Rough: not gentle or careful, violent e.g. she is rough in speech/manners.

注意：tough 坚韧的，耐劳的，严厉的，困难的 As tough as leather/ a tough pair of boots

Tough miners/ take tough measures/ a tough job

2 boulder: a very large rock which has been shaped by water or the weather巨石，漂石

3 pit v 使坑洼洼，n. 坑

e.g. the surface of the moon is pitted with craters. His face is pitted with acnes.

The road was pitted by the heavy rain.

n. 坑 a sand pit沙坑 a coal pit煤矿坑 a latrine pit 茅坑 a fall in the pit, a gain the wit.吃一堑长一智

4 perturb v. 使不安 perturbation n.

upset 普通用词，侧重失去精神上的平静，心理上丧失平衡 agitate 侧重内心的焦虑，难于控制，表露于外

disturb 因某人的行动，扰乱，妨碍安静等而使人不得安宁 perturb 书面用词，诗人焦急烦恼，扰得心情不安

5 underestimate v.低估---反义词 overestimate高估 e.g. underestimate sb/the cost/danger/difficulty under-不足，过少，过低 underripe未成熟的

underdeveloped不发达的，发育不全的~muscles/countries undercover暗中进行的，秘密的 ~payments私下塞给人的钱 understate 轻描淡写 undertone弦外之音 underwear 内衣

6 swerve v.急转向、偏离

e.g. the car ~ed to avoid knocking the boy down. She never ~s from her determination to succeed.

Switch 改变，转换器 swing 秋千，摆动 swirl 旋转，起旋窝 swivel 转身，转动

7 scoop v/n. 舀起，铲起，迅速收拾起，抱起

scoop up e.g. we scooped up the snow to build a snowman. He cupped his hands and scooped up a little water

The mother scooped the baby up in her arms and rushed out.

Scoop out e.g. scoop out some sugar/salt from the bag

Scoop out a deep hole

8 hammer 锤子，sickle 镰刀（badge 徽章）

9 ominously adv.有预兆地，不祥地

Ominous adj. omen n. 预兆 a good/happy omen/a bad/ill omen/ an omen of victory (迷信的英国人：witch and cat: witch hunt大政客清除异己，cat has nine lives Auspicious horseshoe: resemble the moon—fertility Number and date: 13 unlucky ; Friday –受难日

Touch wood/knock on wood:说完得意话语之后摸木头 Sneezing—God bless you. 14C, black death , infectious.

No cross when handshaking: 四个人道别时候，切勿交叉握手，形成十字架。 No light up a cigarette, for the third guy: wwi, 三个士兵在战壕里面吸烟，其中一个给另外两个点，时间延长，第三人成了敌人瞄准目标。

换牙：脱落的牙齿从左肩上方扔向后面，并且许愿，找不到牙齿就能实现愿望。 撒盐：口角、断交，古希腊罗马，盐是很少有的东西，破解：从左肩上把盐向后撒。 镜子：打破镜子—家中要死人

百叶窗：shutter 突然不关自合---死人

9 rip v. 划破，撕，扯 e.g. I ripped open the envelop.

I ripped my stocking on a snail. (blue stockings 才女) Rip across/rip in half撕成两半

e.g. without a word he ripped the report across and threw the halves into the fire. Rip off撕掉，扯掉

e.g. he ripped off one end of the thick envelop and pulled out the letter. (同义词 tear/tear down/tear in half/two)

10 petrol n 汽油 petroleum 石油 gasoline (英语)

crude oil 原油 diesel 柴油 地沟油 swill-cooked dirty oil, waste oil, hogwash oil 11 stretch n. 一大片

a stretch of desert/ a beautiful stretch of pastoral scene a long stretch of open road a stretch of hills a stretch of pleasant beach

at a stretch 一连 e.g. sleep for hours at a stretch. By any stretch of the imagination 不管怎么想

e.g. it could not be true that water can be turned into oil , ~.

12 obstacle n. 障碍 ~obstacle to n. e.g. obstacle race障碍赛跑

obstacle to world peace世界和平的障碍

fear of change is the greatest obstacle to progress.

Throw/put obstacles in the way of / in sb’s way 阻挠

屏障 barrier（to+n.） e.g. a barrier to progress/development/success/cultural/trade/natural barrier 阻塞block (to+n.) e.g. a traffic block/a memory block

Obstruction(=block) the government’s stubborn attitude was a block to future talks.

13 clump n. 丛，族 a clump of trees/bushes/grass

cluster n. 串，挂，群，团 a cluster of grapes/stars/flowers/houses/spectators bunch n. 一串，一扎 a bunch of flowers/keys/bananas/grapes

bundle n.捆，一批，一连串 a bundle of newspapers/firewood/ideas/laughs/fun/job

15 renew v. renew strength 恢复体力 Renew friendship 再续友情 Renew a contract 续订合同 Renew a protest 再三提出

16 pleading n.（有人情味儿）恳求，央求asking in an emotional way （法律）诉状，答辩状 the claims and arguments

Plead v. (implore/beg/beseech) plead with sb for sth e.g. she pleaded with him not to go . I was forced to plead for m child’s life.

17 astride prep. 骑跨

e.g. sitting astride a horse 骑在马上 sitting astride sb’s knee骑在某人膝上

18 zigzag n. 之字形， adj/v

19 grind v. ground ground 摩擦

e.g. freshly-ground coffee新磨的咖啡

some people grind their teeth while sleeping.

Grind to a halt/standstill=to stop slowly 车缓缓停住 Have an axe to grind别有用心，另有企图，怀有私心 （grindstone磨刀石。本杰明弗朗科琳的故事）

e.g. marriage was a political way in ancient time to join two countries. The emperor was always having an ax to grind.

20 halt n. 停,常因为突然的关键的外力 Stop 普通词 Pause 暂停

Cease 停止运动或者行动，暗示彻底停下 Quit 暗示自愿放弃 End 自然结束

Terminate 终结，结束

21 dashboard n. 仪表盘 burning board 烫衣板

Diving board 跳水板 drawing board 画板 surfboard 冲浪板

课文 1. ~so~that

Get sb to do sth :cause /persuade sb to do sth 让~做

e.g. nobody can get him to move away from his old house. I can’t get my friend to borrow me any money.

Get sth to do/doing 使~做 e.g. I cannot get the car to start. Could you get it doing again? It’s not hard to get him talking , the problem is stopping him.

2 be littered with + be pitted with

(litter n. 垃圾，扔垃圾，遍布不好的东西)

e.g. your composition was littered with spelling mistakes.

The politician’s speech was littered with sheer nonsense/bullshit.

Not in the least: not at all, absolutely not, by no means

e.g. he did not seem to be in the least shocked or frightened. Not in the slightest一点也不

e.g. I am not in the slightest anxious about exams.

In the least 至少

e.g. if God is watching us , the least we can do I s to be entertaining.上帝正瞅着俺们，大伙儿好歹有点喜感吧。

3 mere 与a 连用， a mere+确切数字+复数n. e.g. I missed the bus by a mere 30 seconds.

You have got the job. The interview will be a mere formality. Only+确切数字+复数n.

e.g. it took me only two classes to finish the novel.

4 it is not that , but that 不是而是句型

e.g. it is not a question how much money I should have left over for the rest of the month, but whether I had enough to pay the bill.

5 have no sense of danger

a sense of humor/responsibility/direction/rhythm/ timing/proportion/superiority/inferiority dress sense 服装鉴赏力

6 bump over/along/up and down颠簸而行

e.g. the car bumped up and down on the rough and rocky road. Bump into 偶然碰见，撞到=encounter e.g. in the dark , I bumped into a chair. Guess who I bumped into in the hotel.

7 wondering if 怀疑，现在分词做伴随状语 wonder不知道，奇怪，怀疑 wonder if/whether

e.g. I wondered how I got lost in Three Gorge Square. I wondered what they call the flowers around the tomb. I wondered if you would please lend me some money..

8 感叹句： what a relief it is ! What good news it is!

What a foolish mistake I have made!

What a day/night! What she suffered in the past! How adj/adv+主谓成分

e.g. how lovely the girl is! How you’re grown. How it blows!

9 give way to 让先，退让，让步，替代

e.g. as winter gave way to spring, the days began to lengthen. Steam trains gave way to electric trains soon after the war. We must not give way to their demands.

Cloudy mornings give way to clear evenings.早晨云遮日，晚上星满天。

10 there was worse to come=what’s worse is in store for / around the corner.

11 in response to /in reply to

e.g. millions of people gave freely in response to the famine appeal. In response to your hospitality, we wrote you a thank-you note.

12 extend for (to) 延伸，延长

e.g. the platforms extend to a depth of over 100feet under the sea. The road extends for a width of 3meter. Rise to a height of 高度 Have a span of 跨度

Cover an area of 面积达到

e.g. Jinmao tower rises to a height of 42o5 meters. Sutong bridge has a span of 1088 meters.

China covers an area of 9.6million square kilometers.

13 have no effect on/upon对人没有影响 have effect有影响 come to an effect生效

by-effect副作用，side-effect(adverse reaction)

14 go into a low gear 挂上慢挡set the gear to neutral position把档位调到空挡

the gear position is 1, neutral , 2,3,4,and5 from the lower to upper.

15 charge at 冲向，冲锋

e.g. as soon as the bull saw the red cloth, it charged at it. Charge for 收费，索价

e.g. how much do you charge for a haircut? Charge ~ to/on 记在账上

e.g. please charge these goods on my husband’s account. Charge with 控告，指控

e.g. he was charged with stealing.

18 come to a halt/standstill/stop e.g. the fast moving car came to a sudden halt. Bring to a halt 使停下来 e.g. he brought the car to a halt.

Call a halt让~停下来，结束 e.g. when the children’s play got too noisy, mom called a halt. Grind to a halt 慢慢停下来

Make a halt 停留 e.g. the travelers made a halt for a day.

19 a yellow light flashed angrily.比brightly 好 拟人的修辞手法：

e.g. the thirsty soil drank in the rain.

My rocking chair was making noises ; it’s getting old.

My computer is protesting about how I am using it too much. The thick carpet killed the sound of his footsteps.